Enhancing Learning Through Universally Designed Augmented Reality: A Comparative Study of Augmented and Traditional Learning Materials.

This paper examines the impact and effectiveness of educational Universally Designed (UD) Augmented Reality (AR) applications compared to traditional paper-based counterparts. The study evaluates accessibility, usability, user experience, and short-term learning outcomes in marine biology, human anatomy, and cultural history. Thirty-six participants with diverse skills and abilities, including visual impairments and dyslexia, participated in two experiments.

Universally Designed Virtual Reality: Creating Inclusive and Immersive Learning Experiences with 'VRinDanger'.

This paper presents the design and implementation of VRinDanger, a universally designed (UD) educational virtual reality (VR) application aimed at providing an inclusive and immersive learning experience focused on the world's deadliest animals. A mixed-methods study involving participants with diverse ages, skills, and abilities was conducted to evaluate the application's accessibility, usability, user experience, and educational effectiveness in terms of learning outcomes. The findings demonstrate that integrating UD principles into VR design significantly improves accessibility, enhances user satisfaction, and promotes engagement and retention of educational content for diverse audiences.

Above-knee amputation followed by femoral replantation: 21-year follow-up results after lower limb replantation.

In this article, we report successful treatment of serious complications of replantation after traumatic mid-third femoral amputation. To the best of our knowledge, no similar case has been reported in the literature. A 38-year-old healthy male sustained a mid-third right traumatic femoral amputation.

Extra- and intracellular lactose catabolism in Penicillium chrysogenum: phylogenetic and expression analysis of the putative permease and hydrolase genes.

Penicillium chrysogenum is used as an industrial producer of penicillin. We investigated its catabolism of lactose, an abundant component of whey used in penicillin fermentation, comparing the type strain NRRL 1951 with the high producing strain AS-P-78. Both strains grew similarly on lactose as the sole carbon source under batch conditions, exhibiting almost identical time profiles of sugar depletion.

Isolation and activity of Xenorhabdus antimicrobial compounds against the plant pathogens Erwinia amylovora and Phytophthora nicotianae.

Aims: Broad-spectrum antibiotics produced by symbiotic bacteria [entomopathogenic bacterium (EPB)] of entomopathogenic nematodes keep monoxenic conditions in insect cadavers in soil. This study evaluated antibiotics produced by EPB for their potential to control plant pathogenic bacteria and oomycetes.

Methods And Results: Entomopathogenic bacterium produce antibiotics effective against the fire blight bacterium Erwinia amylovora, including streptomycin resistant strains, and were as effective in phytotron experiments as kasugamycin or streptomycin.

Lactose and D-galactose catabolism in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans.

The disaccharide lactose is a byproduct of cheese production accumulating to amounts of 800,000 tons per year worldwide, of which 15% is used as a carbon source for various microbial fermentations. Nevertheless, little is known about the regulation of its metabolism in filamentous fungi. Lactose is metabolized slowly, and some important fungi such as A.

Lack of aldose 1-epimerase in Hypocrea jecorina (anamorph Trichoderma reesei): a key to cellulase gene expression on lactose.

The heterodisaccharide lactose (1,4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose) induces cellulase formation in the ascomycete Hypocrea jecorina (= Trichoderma reesei). Lactose assimilation is slow, and the assimilation of its beta-D-galactose moiety depends mainly on the operation of a recently described reductive pathway and depends less on the Leloir pathway, which accepts only alpha-D-galactose. We therefore reasoned whether galactomutarotase [aldose 1-epimerase (AEP)] activity might limit lactose assimilation and thus influence cellulase formation.

Xenorhabdus antibiotics: a comparative analysis and potential utility for controlling mastitis caused by bacteria.

Aims: The role of antibiotics produced by bacterial symbionts of entomopathogenic nematodes is to suppress growth of microbes in the soil environment. These antibiotics are active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and were tested against mastitis isolates from dairy cows.

Methods And Results: Two bioassays were adapted for Xenorhabdus antibiotics; an overlay method on agar plates, and serially diluted, cell-free, Xenorhabdus cultures.

Induction of extracellular beta-galactosidase (Bga1) formation by D-galactose in Hypocrea jecorina is mediated by galactitol.

The ability of Hypocrea jecorina (Trichoderma reesei) to grow on lactose strongly depends on the formation of an extracellular glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 35 beta-galactosidase, encoded by the bga1 gene. Previous studies, using batch or transfer cultures of pregrown cells, had shown that bga1 is induced by lactose and d-galactose, but to a lesser extent by galactitol. To test whether the induction level is influenced by the different growth rates attainable on these carbon sources, bga1 expression was compared in carbon-limited chemostat cultivations at defined dilution (=specific growth) rates.

D-Galactose induces cellulase gene expression in Hypocrea jecorina at low growth rates.

Lactose (1,4-O-beta-d-galactopyranosyl-d-glucose) is a soluble and economic carbon source for the industrial production of cellulases or recombinant proteins by Hypocrea jecorina (anamorph Trichoderma reesei). The mechanism by which lactose induces cellulase formation is not understood. Recent data showed that the galactokinase step is essential for cellulase induction by lactose, but growth on d-galactose alone does not induce cellulases.

Phase Variation in Xenorhabdus nematophilus.

Xenorhabdus nematophilus is a symbiotic bacterium that inhabits the intestine of entomopathogenic nematodes. The bacterium-nematode symbiotic pair is pathogenic for larval-stage insects. The phase I cell type is the form of the bacterium normally associated with the nematode.

CreA-mediated carbon catabolite repression of beta-galactosidase formation in Aspergillus nidulans is growth rate dependent.

Carbon catabolite repression by the CreA-transcriptional repressor is widespread in filamentous fungi, but the mechanism by which glucose triggers carbon catabolite repression is still poorly understood. We investigated the hypothesis that the growth rate on glucose may control CreA-dependent carbon catabolite repression by using glucose-limited chemostat cultures and the intracellular beta-galactosidase activity of Aspergillus nidulans, which is repressed by glucose, as a model system. Chemostat cultures at four different dilution rates (D = 0.

The alternative D-galactose degrading pathway of Aspergillus nidulans proceeds via L-sorbose.

The catabolism of d-galactose in yeast depends on the enzymes of the Leloir pathway. In contrast, Aspergillus nidulans mutants in galactokinase ( galE) can still grow on d-galactose in the presence of ammonium-but not nitrate-ions as nitrogen source. A.

Stimulation of the cyanide-resistant alternative respiratory pathway by oxygen in Acremonium chrysogenum correlates with the size of the intracellular peroxide pool.

The relationship between oxygen input and activity of the cyanide-resistant alternative respiration of submerged cultures of Acremonium crysogenum was investigated. The volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient of the respective cultures correlated positively within almost two ranges of magnitude with the size of the intracellular peroxide pool, which in turn, correlated with the activity of the cyanide-resistant alternative respiratory pathway. Increased aeration also stimulated the glucose uptake rate but had no effect on the total respiration rate or the growth rate.

Regulation of formation of the intracellular beta-galactosidase activity of Aspergillus nidulans.

The regulation of formation of the single intracellular beta-galactosidase activity of Aspergillus nidulans was investigated. beta-Galactosidase was not formed during growth on glucose or glycerol, but was rapidly induced during growth on lactose or D-galactose. L-Arabinose, and -- with lower efficacy -- D-xylose also induced beta-galactosidase activity.

Carbon source regulation of beta-galactosidase biosynthesis in Penicillium chrysogenum.

Growth and beta-galactosidase activity of the penicillin producer industrial Penicillium chrysogenum NCAIM 00237 strain were examined using different carbon sources. Good growth was observed using glucose, sucrose, glycerol and galactose, while growth on lactose was substantially slower. beta-Galactosidase activity was high on lactose and very low on all the other carbon sources tested.

The biochemistry of citric acid accumulation by Aspergillus niger.

Fungi, in particular Aspergilli, are well known for their potential to overproduce a variety of organic acids. These microorganisms have an intrinsic ability to accumulate these substances and it is generally believed that this provides the fungi with an ecological advantage, since they grow rather well at pH 3 to 5, while some species even tolerate pH values as low as 1.5.

The glutathione metabolism of the beta-lactam producer filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum.

Glutathione (gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine; GSH) shares structural similarities with the beta-lactam biosynthetic intermediate ACV-tripeptide (delta-(L-alpha-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine). Not surprisingly, GSH has been reported to inhibit the beta-lactam biosynthetic machinery quite effectively and, hence, strategies to decrease the intracellular GSH concentrations without influencing negatively the physiological status of idiophasic mycelia would attract industrial interests. Here we present a detailed map of the GSH metabolic network of P.

Analysis of the relationship between growth, cephalosporin C production, and fragmentation in Acremonium chrysogenum.

Mycelial fragmentation in submerged cultures of the cephalosporin C (CPC) producing fungus Acremonium chrysogenum was characterized by image analysis. In both fed-batch and chemostat cultures, the proportion of mycelial clumps seemed to be the most sensitive morphological indicator of fragmentation. In a fed-batch fermentation culture, this declined from roughly 60% at inoculation to less than 10% after 43 h.

Cyanide-resistant alternative respiration is strictly correlated to intracellular peroxide levels in Acremonium chrysogenum.

A strict correlation between the intensity of the cyanide-resistant alternative respiratory pathway and the intracellular peroxide levels in the cephalosporin C producer filamentous fungus Acremonium chrysogenum was demonstrated. Intracellular peroxide levels increased in a dose-dependent manner after addition of H2O2 to the culture media. A similar phenomenon was observed due to the specific inhibition of catalase by salicylic acid.

Beta-galactosidase of Penicillium chrysogenum: production, purification, and characterization of the enzyme.

Intracellular beta-galactosidase from Penicillium chrysogenum NCAIM 00237 was purified by procedures including precipitation with ammonium sulfate, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, affinity chromatography, and chromatofocusing. These steps resulted a purification of 66-fold, a yield of about 8%, and a specific activity of 5.84 U mg(-1) protein.

The role of the alternative respiratory pathway in the stimulation of cephalosporin C formation by soybean oil in Acremonium chrysogenum.

Addition of soybean oil to Acremonium chrysogenum cultures growing on sugars doubled the specific production of cephalosporin C during the idiophase of growth. While the addition of soybean oil had no effect on the total rate of respiration, the respiration that proceeded via the alternative, cyanide-insensitive pathway exhibited a more than twofold increase. Addition of soybean oil also stimulated the formation of isocitrate lyase activities.