Cytolytic circumsporozoite-specific memory CD4 T cell clones are expanded during Plasmodium falciparum infection.

Clinical immunity against Plasmodium falciparum infection develops in residents of malaria endemic regions, manifesting in reduced clinical symptoms during infection and in protection against severe disease but the mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we compare the cellular and humoral immune response of clinically immune (0-1 episode over 18 months) and susceptible (at least 3 episodes) during a mild episode of Pf malaria infection in a malaria endemic region of Malawi, by analysing peripheral blood samples using high dimensional mass cytometry (CyTOF), spectral flow cytometry and single-cell transcriptomic analyses. In the clinically immune, we find increased proportions of circulating follicular helper T cells and classical monocytes, while the humoral immune response shows characteristic age-related differences in the protected.

Dynamics of the Gut Microbiome in -Infected Children during the First Two Years of Life.

continues to be a major contributor to diarrheal illness and dysentery in children younger than 5 years of age in low- and middle-income countries. Strategies for the prevention of shigellosis have focused on enhancing adaptive immunity. The interaction between and intrinsic host factors, such as the microbiome, remains unknown.

Amplified transmission of HIV-1: comparison of HIV-1 concentrations in semen and blood during acute and chronic infection.

Objectives: This study was conducted to compare viral dynamics in blood and semen between subjects with antibody negative, acute HIV-1 infection and other subjects with later stages of infection.

Design: A prospective cohort study was embedded within a cross-sectional study of HIV screening in a Lilongwe, Malawi STD clinic.

Methods: Blood samples from HIV antibody negative or indeterminate volunteers were used to detect HIV RNA in plasma using a pooling strategy.

HIV and parasitic infection and the effect of treatment among adult outpatients in Malawi.

We measured enteric parasitic infection prevalence and the effect of treatment on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA levels to assess their importance to HIV primary care in resource-limited settings. Adults in Lilongwe, Malawi, were evaluated, treated, and followed-up for parasitic and HIV infections. Of 389 patients, 266 (68%) were HIV infected.

Rapid, real-time detection of acute HIV infection in patients in Africa.

Background: We conducted a prospective study to evaluate methods of detecting clients with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) who were acutely coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Lilongwe, Malawi.

Methods: After informed consent was obtained, all clients with acute STDs were offered voluntary HIV counseling and testing by 2 rapid antibody tests. Samples from rapid test-negative or -discordant subjects were pooled (50 : 5 : 1) and tested for HIV RNA.

The use of specimens from various genitourinary sites in men, to detect Trichomonas vaginalis infection.

Variations in estimates of prevalence of trichomoniasis in men may reflect true differences in the burden of disease but are also affected by the performance of diagnostic methods and the type of specimen tested. In this study, men were evaluated at baseline and at follow-up, to evaluate syndromic management of urethritis and the effects of human immunodeficiency virus and trichomoniasis, in Lilongwe, Malawi. First-void urine specimens and urethral swabs were obtained at enrollment, for Trichomonas vaginalis culture; semen specimens were also obtained at follow-up.