Assessment of the impact of VDR polymorphisms on selected hormonal, metabolic and mineral balance markers in young women with hyperandrogenism.

Objectives: Hyperandrogenism is a frequently recognized endocrine imbalance in which there is excessive production of androgens. The purpose of the study was to investigate the impact of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms on chosen bone metabolism and biochemical parameters in women with hyperandrogenism.

Material And Methods: Eighty young females with hyperandrogenism were enrolled in the study, in whom selected parameters of bone turnover, endocrine and metabolic parameters were determined.

The Influence of an Anti-Inflammatory Gluten-Free Diet with EPA and DHA on the Involvement of Maresin and Resolvins in Hashimoto's Disease.

The potential modulation of thyroid inflammatory conditions via a gluten-free diet has been suggested after establishing a link between Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and celiac disease. However, the majority of targeted studies in this field do not support the general recommendation of prescribing a gluten-free diet (GFD) for all HT patients. This study aims to analyze data regarding the impact of a GFD supplemented with eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), along with vegetables, on the course of inflammation involving long-chain fatty acid mediators.

Polish diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations for adrenocortical carcinoma.

Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), along with the development of new therapeutic and diagnostic methods, have prompted a team of experts to formulate the first Polish guidelines for managing ACC. This article presents the diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations resulting from the discussion of specialists from various medical specialities, who participated in a series of online meetings aimed at developing consistent and effective recommendations under the National Oncology Strategy. These guidelines aim to optimise ACC treatment in Poland through coordinated efforts of multidisciplinary specialist teams, ensuring an effective and modern approach.

The Role of Glucose, Insulin and Body Fat in Assessment of Bone Mineral Density and Trabecular Bone Score in Women with Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea.

For years, bone mineral density (BMD) has played a key role in assessing bone health, but the trabecular bone score (TBS) is emerging as an equivalent measure. However, BMD alone may not fully measure bone quality or predict osteoporosis risk. To evaluate the usefulness of TBS and BMD in estimating the risk of bone fracture in young women with FHA, this study examined the association between metabolic parameters and bone quality, which was measured using TBS and BMD.

Are Young People with Turner Syndrome Who Have Undergone Treatment with Growth and Sex Hormones at Higher Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Complications?

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MetS), characterized by visceral obesity, glucose abnormalities, hypertension and dyslipidemia, poses a significant risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Turner syndrome (TS), resulting from X chromosome abnormalities, carries health complications. Despite growing evidence of an increased risk of MetS in women with TS, its prevalence and risk factors remain under investigation.

Evaluation of Trabecular Bone Microarchitecture and Bone Mineral Density in Young Women, Including Selected Hormonal Parameters.

The absence of non-invasive methods for assessing bone material and structural changes is a significant diagnostic challenge. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) bone mineral density (BMD) testing is the gold standard for osteoporosis diagnosis. BMD and the trabecular bone score (TBS) have facilitated targeted osteoporosis prevention and treatment in clinical settings.

The 1 μg Synacthen stimulation test in the diagnosis of secondary adrenal insufficiency in patients with Rathke's cleft cyst and empty sella syndrome.

Introduction: Rathke's cleft cyst (RCC) and primary empty sella syndrome (PESS) are usually incidental findings on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In most cases, these lesions do not cause mass effect symptoms and do not require surgical intervention. In patients with RCC or PESS, it is important to exclude secondary adrenal insufficiency (SAI), which may be a life-threatening condition.

Pilot Study: FSHR Expression in Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Appendix.

Appendix neuroendocrine neoplasm (ANEN) treatment is based on tumor size and proliferation markers. Recently, the role of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) from the clinical perspective has also been increasingly discussed. The FSHR is expressed in the endothelial cells of both intratumoral and peritumoral blood vessels, where it contributes to neoangiogenesis and blood vessel remodeling.

Basics of prevention and management of iodine-based contrast media-induced thyroid dysfunction - position paper by the Polish Society of Endocrinology.

Medical practice involves a high number of radiological examinations using iodinated contrast media (ICM). Therefore, it is crucial for doctors of different specialties to be aware of possible adverse effects associated with ICM use. The most common and well characterized adverse effect is contrast-induced nephropathy, whereas thyroidal adverse reactions remain a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma.

Liquid levothyroxine improves thyroid control in patients with different hypothyroidism aetiology and variable adherence - case series and review.

It is estimated that hypothyroidism treatment may be either suboptimal or excessive in about 32-45% patients treated with L-thyroxine (LT4). There are multiple possible causes of poor control of hypothyroidism, including narrow LT4 therapeutic index, food and drug interactions, comorbidities, and patient non-adherence. Some of these obstacles could possibly be overcome with the novel liquid LT4 formulation.

Does SARS-CoV-2 Affect Human Semen? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Contradictory results have been reported regarding effects of the SARS-CoV-2 upon human semen. A timely and up-to-date systematic review with meta-analysis appears necessary. This study aimed to deliver pooled prevalence (PP) of SARS-CoV-2 in semen and pooled semen parameters as compared with the uninfected.

Macrophage efferocytosis in atherosclerosis.

This paper presents the role of macrophage efferocytosis, the process of elimination of apoptotic bodies-elements formed during vascular atherosclerosis. The mechanisms of macrophage efferocytosis are presented, introducing the specific signals of this process, that is, 'find me', 'eat me' and 'don't eat me'. The role of the process of efferocytosis in the formation of vascular atherosclerosis is also presented, including the factors and mechanisms that determine it, as well as the factors that determine the maintenance of homeostasis in the vessels, including the formation of vascular atherosclerosis.

Apoptosis Evaluation in Circulating CD34+-Enriched Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Patients with Abnormally Increased Production of Endogenous Glucocorticoids in Course of Cushing's Syndrome.

Abnormalities in hematological parameters of peripheral blood have been noted in patients with endogenous Cushing's Syndrome (CS) in the corticotropin (ACTH)-dependent and ACTH-independent forms. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism of glucocorticoids (GCs) action on human hematopoiesis is still not entirely clear. The aim of the study was to determine whether endogenous excessive production of GCs could affect apoptosis of CD34+ cells enriched in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) collected from the peripheral blood of newly diagnosed CS patients.

Rare clinical manifestation of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.

Objective: Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is a rare disorder characterized by tumors in various endocrine glands. It is caused by a mutation in the MEN1 gene. This gene encodes menin, a protein that regulates cell proliferation.

Colorectal neuroendocrine neoplasms - update of the diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines (recommended by the Polish Network of Neuroendocrine Tumours) [Nowotwory neuroendokrynne jelita grubego - uaktualnione zasady diagnostyki i leczenia (rekomendowane przez Polską Sieć Guzów Neuroendokrynych)].

Colorectal neuroendocrine neoplasm (CRNEN), especially rectal tumours, are diagnosed with increased frequency due to the widespread use of colonoscopy, including screening examinations. It is important to constantly update and promote the principles of optimal diagnostics and treatment of these neoplasms. Based on the latest literature and arrangements made at the working meeting of the Polish Network of Neuroendocrine Tumours (June 2021), this paper includes updated and supplemented data and guidelines for the management of CRNEN originally published in Endokrynologia Polska 2017; 68: 250-260.

Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the small intestine and the appendix - update of the diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines (recommended by the Polish Network of Neuroendocrine Tumours) [Nowotwory neuroendokrynne jelita cienkiego i wyrostka robaczkowego - uaktualnione zasady diagnostyki i leczenia (rekomendowane przez Polską Sieć Guzów Neuroendokrynnych)].

Updated Polish recommendations for the management of patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) of the small intestine (SINENs) and of the appendix (ANENs) are presented here. The small intestine, and especially the ileum, is one of the most common locations for these neoplasms. Most of them are well-differentiated and slow-growing tumours; uncommonly - neuroendocrine carcinomas.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms - update of the diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines (recommended by the Polish Network of Neuroendocrine Tumours) [Nowotwory neuroendokrynne trzustki - uaktualnione zasady diagnostyki i leczenia (rekomendowane przez Polską Sieć Guzów Neuroendokrynych)].

In this paper, we present the current guidelines for the diagnostics and management of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PanNENs) developed by Polish experts providing care for these patients in everyday clinical practice. In oncological diagnostics, in addition to biochemical tests, molecular identification with the use of NETest liquid biopsy and circulating microRNAs is gaining importance. Both anatomical and functional examinations (including new radiopharmaceuticals) are used in imaging diagnostics.

Gastroduodenal neuroendocrine neoplasms including gastrinoma - update of the diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines (recommended by the Polish Network of Neuroendocrine Tumours) [Nowotwory neuroendokrynne żołądka i dwunastnicy z uwzględnieniem gastrinoma - uaktualnione zasady postępowania (rekomendowane przez Polską Sieć Guzów Neuroendokrynnych)].

After another meeting of experts of the Polish Network of Neuroendocrine Tumours, updated recommendations for the management of patients with gastric and duodenal neuroendocrine neoplasms, including gastrinoma, have been issued. As before, the epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of these neoplasms have been discussed, as well as the principles of diagnostic procedures, including biochemical and histopathological diagnostics and tumour localisation, highlighting the changes introduced in the recommendations. Updated principles of therapeutic management have also been presented, including endoscopic and surgical treatment, and the options of pharmacological and radioisotope treatment.

Update of the diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (recommended by the Polish Network of Neuroendocrine Tumours) [Aktualizacja zaleceń ogólnych dotyczących postępowania diagnostyczno-terapeutycznego w nowotworach neuroendokrynnych układu pokarmowego (rekomendowane przez Polską Sieć Guzów Neuroendokrynnych)].

Continuous progress in the diagnostics and treatment of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs), the emerging results of new clinical trials, and the new guidelines issued by medical societies have prompted experts from the Polish Network of Neuroendocrine Tumours to update the 2017 recommendations regarding the management of neuroendocrine neoplasms. This article presents the general recommendations for the management of NENs, resulting from the findings of the experts participating in the Fourth Round Table Conference, entitled "Polish Guidelines for the Diagnostics and Treatment of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract, Żelechów, June 2021". Drawing from the extensive experience of centres treating these cancers, we hope that we have managed to formulate the optimal method of treating patients with NENs, applying the latest reports and achievements in the field of medicine, which can be effectively implemented in our country.

Thyroid diseases and fertility disorders - Guidelines of the Polish Society of Endocrinology [Choroby tarczycy a zaburzenia płodności - rekomendacje Polskiego Towarzystwa Endokrynologicznego].

Thyroid hormones influence female fertility, directly stimulating oocyte maturation and regulating prolactin and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations. Hyperthyroidism affects 1-2%, overt hypothyroidism 0.3%, and subclinical hypothyroidism up to 15% of women of childbearing age.

Diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer in adult patients - Recommendations of Polish Scientific Societies and the National Oncological Strategy. 2022 Update [Diagnostyka i leczenie raka tarczycy u chorych dorosłych - Rekomendacje Polskich Towarzystw Naukowych oraz Narodowej Strategii Onkologicznej. Aktualizacja na rok 2022].

The guidelines Thyroid Cancer 2022 are prepared based on previous Polish recommendations updated in 2018. They consider international guidelines - American Thyroid Association (ATA) 2015 and National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN); however, they are adapted according to the ADAPTE process. The strength of the recommendations and the quality of the scientific evidence are assessed according to the GRADE system and the ATA 2015 and NCCN recommendations.

Doubtful Justification of the Gluten-Free Diet in the Course of Hashimoto's Disease.

The popularization of the gluten-free diet brings with it a fashion for its use, which can harm the treatment of Hashimoto's disease. The few studies in this regard do not confirm positive changes resulting from a gluten-free diet. At the same time, the presence of other comorbid autoimmune diseases in this group of patients is increasing.

Neuroendocrine Tumors: Clinical, Histological and Immunohistochemical Perspectives and Case Report-Mature Teratoma in a 16-Year-Old Girl.

A mature teratoma is a germinal neoplasm that differentiates from embryonic multipotent cells into three germ layers. There may also be glandular tissue. The literature describes a total of 658 cases of ovarian neuroendocrine neoplasms, mainly in women over 40 years of age.

Effective Balloon Pulmonary Angioplasty in a Patient with Chronic Thromboembolic Complications after Ventriculoatrial Shunt for Hydrocephalus in von Hippel-Lindau Disease.

Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease along with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a unique and unusual severe complication of ventriculoatrial (VA) shunt implantation in the treatment of hydrocephalus. To the best of our knowledge, this can be the first reported case of an effective treatment with balloon pulmonary angioplasty in a patient with VHL after VA shunt placement. The patient underwent six balloon pulmonary angioplasty procedures.