How do women comply with cancer screenings? A study in four regions of France.

Background: This article looks at the behaviour of women facing different cancer screening options available to them from the age of 50 onward. The study was conducted in 2019 in four departments of the French territory with the objective of identifying the factors that influence acceptance of a population-based screening proposal.

Methods: A questionnaire was sent to women who had received three invitations to organised screenings (OS) for both breast and colorectal cancer.

Participation in breast cancer screening and its influence on other cancer screening invitations: study in women aged 56 years old in four French departments.

Background: Today, women 50 years of age are offered three types of cancer screening in France. However, participation is not optimal. The aim was to describe (1) participation in organised breast cancer screening (OS) of women aged 56 years old, and the influence of this participation on colorectal and cervical cancer screening, (2) the reasons for non-participation in breast cancer OS, and (3) the reasons for screening before age 50.

Termination of pregnancy for foetal indication in the French context analysis of decision-making in a Multidisciplinary Centre For Prenatal Diagnosis.

Objective: In France, termination of pregnancy (TOP) for medical reasons is legal, regardless of the term, after authorisation by a Multidisciplinary Centre for Prenatal Diagnosis (MCPD). This study analyses the elements supporting the TOP decision-making process faced with a foetal pathology.

Study Design: Medical records of one MCPD were analysed for the period 2013 and 2014 and semi-structured interviews with MCPD members were conducted.

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Cancer screening has been among the priorities of the French Cancer Plans since 2003. However, participation in screening programs remains below expectations. The predominance of the value of autonomy in today's society may compromise the legitimacy of a public health action if it does not gain the adhesion of individuals.

[Ethical considerations in the evolution of organised cancer screening programs].

Ethical considerations in the evolution of organised cancer screening programs Since 2009, the French National Cancer Institute has set up a working group on the ethics of screening programs for breast, colon and cervical cancer. Collective and individual interest, equity and respect for autonomy are the values addressed in the respective reports. Ethical analysis has highlighted issues that are specific to each programme: the importance of the information provided by health professionals in a context of uncertainty for breast cancer screening; health professionals as a relay of information, access to test and support in the colorectal cancer screening process and, for cervical cancer screening, the implementation of an organisation adapted to women populations concerned.

[Ethics of organized cancer screening in France].

Cancer screening has been among the priorities of the French Cancer Plans since 2003. However, participation in screening programs remains below expectations. The predominance of the value of autonomy in today's society may compromise the legitimacy of a public health action if it does not gain the adhesion of individuals.

Towards equity in organised cancer screening: the case of cervical cancer screening in France.

Background: The French national cancer institute (INCa) conducted a series of studies to assist decision-making in view of the implementation of organised cervical cancer screening that will be launched in 2018. The programme will concern all women aged 25-65 and targeted interventions will be developed for underscreened populations. This is an evolution from an equality-based approach to a step-by-step strategy of equity aiming to tackle health cancer inequalities that are avoidable and represents unfair differences.

[The digital pill, between beneficence and vigilance: ethical stakes].

Since November 2017, the digital pill, which makes it possible to know whether a patient has achieved compliance or not with the treatment has become a reality. This drug can benefit the patients by helping them to better follow their treatment and avoid misuse. However, even though the use of this device requests patient consent, major questions arise regarding the respect for privacy and freedom of action.

[Participation to organized screening programs: Individual and collective stakes].

The evaluation of the risk-benefit balance in public health is an ethical commitment, based on the imperative of not harming people. Screening is a probabilistic approach, which, in order to serve the needs of a few, involves the largest number to share the potential harmful effects. Improvement of scientific knowledge and opening of the societal debate modified the relation between collective and individual stakes over time.

Partnering with patients in translational oncology research: ethical approach.

Background: The research program CARPEM (cancer research and personalized medicine) brings together the expertise of researchers and hospital-based oncologists to develop translational research in the context of personalized or "precision" medicine for cancer. There is recognition that patient involvement can help to take into account their needs and priorities in the development of this emerging practice but there is currently no consensus about how this can be achieved. In this study, we developed an empirical ethical research action aiming to improve patient representatives' involvement in the development of the translational research program together with health professionals.

Patient/family views on data sharing in rare diseases: study in the European LeukoTreat project.

The purpose of this study was to explore patient and family views on the sharing of their medical data in the context of compiling a European leukodystrophies database. A survey questionnaire was delivered with help from referral centers and the European Leukodystrophies Association, and the questionnaires returned were both quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed. This study found that patients/families were strongly in favor of participating.

Women's participation in breast cancer screening in France--an ethical approach.

Background: Breast cancer is a major public health challenge. Organized mammography screening (OS) is considered one way to reduce breast cancer mortality. EU recommendations prone mass deployment of OS, and back in 2004, France introduced a national OS programme for women aged 50-74 years.

Ethical management in the constitution of a European database for leukodystrophies rare diseases.

Background: The EU LeukoTreat program aims to connect, enlarge and improve existing national databases for leukodystrophies (LDs) and other genetic diseases affecting the white matter of the brain. Ethical issues have been placed high on the agenda by pairing the participating LD expert research teams with experts in medical ethics and LD patient families and associations. The overarching goal is to apply core ethics principles to specific project needs and ensure patient rights and protection in research addressing the context of these rare diseases.

Arginine-supplemented enteral nutrition in critically ill diabetic and obese rats: a dose-ranging study evaluating nutritional status and macrophage function.

Objective: Critically ill diabetic and obese patients are at high risk of complications. Arginine availability is lowered in diabetes and in stress situations, yet arginine is necessary for immune response, mainly by its action through nitric oxide (NO). These facts argue for arginine-supplemented diets in critically ill patients.

Effects of a diabetes-specific enteral nutrition on nutritional and immune status of diabetic, obese, and endotoxemic rats: interest of a graded arginine supply.

Objective: Obese and type 2 diabetic patients present metabolic disturbance-related alterations in nonspecific immunity, to which the decrease in their plasma arginine contributes. Although diabetes-specific formulas have been developed, they have never been tested in the context of an acute infectious situation as can be seen in intensive care unit patients. Our aim was to investigate the effects of a diabetes-specific diet enriched or not with arginine in a model of infectious stress in a diabetes and obesity situation.

Arginine availability modulates arginine metabolism and TNFα production in peritoneal macrophages from Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats.

Background & Aims: Excess weight and type 2 diabetes lead to increased susceptibility to infections. Our aim was to investigate the role of diabetes-induced decreased arginine (Arg) availability and of a possible dysregulation of Arg metabolism in macrophages favoring inflammation and dysimmunity via altered nitric oxide (NO) and cytokine productions.

Methods: Isolated peritoneal macrophages from Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) or lean rats were incubated with increasing Arg concentration (0-2 mM) and Arg metabolism and regulatory properties were studied.

Arginine or citrulline associated with a statin stimulates nitric oxide production in bovine aortic endothelial cells.

Nitric oxide (NO) is an antiatherogenic vasodilator synthesized from arginine and, indirectly, from citrulline through argininosuccinate synthase (ASS) and argininosuccinate lyase (ASL). Hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerosis is usually treated by statins, which decrease cholesterolemia and increase endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activity. Therefore, a treatment associating a statin with arginine or citrulline could be more efficient than statin alone.

High plasma citrulline and arginine levels ensured by sustained-release citrulline supplementation in rats.

Objective: Dietary-supplemented arginine has been shown to have positive effects on cardiovascular disease, but several drawbacks exist and could potentially be avoided by using L-citrulline, since it is recycled to L-arginine. However, citrulline is very rapidly metabolized. We therefore developed a sustained-release form of citrulline and evaluated its metabolic behavior in rats.

Effects of seven potential probiotic strains on specific immune responses in healthy adults: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial.

This pilot study investigated the immunomodulatory properties of seven probiotic strains. Eighty-three healthy volunteers aged 18-62 years consumed 2 x 10(10) CFU of bacteria or a placebo (maltodextrin) over 3 weeks (D0-D21). Subjects received an oral cholera vaccine at D7 and at D14; blood and saliva samples were collected at D0, D21 and D28.

AN69 hollow fiber membrane will reduce but not abolish the risk of transmission of porcine endogenous retroviruses.

As the risk of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) infection is a major obstacle to the xenotransplantation of porcine tissue, we investigated whether an AN69 hollow fibre membrane, used for islets of Langerhans transplantation, could prevent the transfer of PERVs and thus reduce the risk of PERV infection. PK15 cells were used as a PERV source. A specific and highly sensitive RCR was used for detection of a PERV provirus DNA (gag region) and a porcine mtDNA.

Arginine and glutamine availability and macrophage functions in the obese insulin-resistant Zucker rat.

Increased susceptibility to infections in obese patients may be related to decreased availability of arginine and glutamine, which may affect immune cell functions. Our aim was to evaluate the in vitro effects of these amino acids on the function of macrophages from obese insulin-resistant Zucker rats. Macrophages, isolated from male Zucker obese or lean rats by peritoneal lavage, were incubated in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) without arginine or glutamine.

In vivo induction of insulin secretion by ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate: involvement of nitric oxide and glutamine.

We previously demonstrated that ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate (OKG), known for its anabolic properties, induces insulin secretion in vitro. The present study was undertaken to further characterize this effect in vivo and investigate a possible interaction with glucose both in vivo and in vitro. Male Wistar rats received an intravenous bolus of OKG (25 mg/kg) and/or glucose (0.