Principles and Practice of Oral Rehydration.

Purpose Of Review: An understanding of fluid and electrolyte losses from diarrhea and mechanisms of solute cotransport led to development of oral rehydration solution (ORS), representing a watershed in efforts to reduce diarrheal disease morbidity and mortality. This report reviews the scientific rationale and modifications of ORS and barriers to universal application.

Recent Findings: Solutions with osmolality and electrolyte composition different from original ORS for routine and unique pathophysiology such as in malnutrition have met with varying success.

Pediatric Fontan Associated Liver Disease: Non-invasive Evaluation with Serologic Markers and Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) Elastography.

Hepatic fibrosis is a significant complication in adult Fontan patients suggesting development as a function of time since the surgery. Children with Fontan circulation are not routinely assessed for development of liver disease. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of serologic biomarkers and acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography to detect liver disease in pediatric Fontan patients.

Adherence to Endoscopy Biopsy Guidelines for Celiac Disease.

Objective: Histologic changes in celiac disease (CD) may be patchy or confined to the bulb. Present guidelines recommend obtaining multiple biopsies from the bulb and distal duodenum when evaluating for CD. Adherence to these recommendations among adult gastroenterologists is low.