Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization in pneumococcal vaccine-naïve human immunodeficiency virus-exposed infected and -uninfected South African children.

Pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization is a pre-requisite for pneumococcal disease; the risk for pneumococcal disease is high in children born to women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We investigated pneumococcal colonization, serotype distribution and antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates carried by perinatal HIV-infected and HIV-exposed-uninfected (HEU) children.Serial nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 331 HIV-infected and 491 HEU children, at up to 6 scheduled timepoints, between median ages of 25 to 181 weeks.

Nevirapine- Versus Lopinavir/Ritonavir-Based Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-Infected Infants and Young Children: Long-term Follow-up of the IMPAACT P1060 Randomized Trial.

Background: The International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials Network (IMPAACT) P1060 study demonstrated short-term superiority of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) over nevirapine (NVP) in antiretroviral therapy (ART), regardless of prior NVP exposure. However, NVP-based ART had a marginal benefit in CD4 percentage (CD4%) and growth. We compared 5-year outcomes from this clinical trial.

Efficacy and immunogenicity of influenza vaccine in HIV-infected children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial.

Background: HIV-infected children are at heightened risk for severe influenza illness; however, there is no study on the efficacy or effectiveness of influenza vaccine in these children. We evaluated the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of nonadjuvanted, trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) against confirmed seasonal influenza virus illness in HIV-infected children.

Methods: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was undertaken in Johannesburg in 2009.