Evaluation of operational and financial viability models of combined landfill site for intermediate cities in Pakistan.

This study aims to evaluate municipal landfill sites' operational and financial viability, waste amount and characterization, primary and secondary collection systems, revenue generation from MSW, vehicle routing, and age of landfill sites located in Akhtarabad, Sahiwal Division. Three operational and financial models were developed to calculate cost/ton value based on obtained data. The obtained results indicate that the cost/ton values for models are the following: 20.

Pararhizobium antarcticum sp. nov., isolated from Antarctic water samples.

Two bacterial strains were isolated from sediments and microbial mats of Kingfisher Pond, Antarctica and characterized in a taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach. Cells were strictly aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, motile (+50 flagellum-specific genes present in the genome sequence; motility observed under microscope) and formed creamy white, half-transparent colonies. Growth occurred at 4 to 28 °C with an optimum at 20 °C, with 0-5.