Detection Methods for Pine Wilt Disease: A Comprehensive Review.

Pine wilt disease (PWD), caused by the nematode , is a highly destructive forest disease that necessitates rapid and precise identification for effective management and control. This study evaluates various detection methods for PWD, including morphological diagnosis, molecular techniques, and remote sensing. While traditional methods are economical, they are limited by their inability to detect subtle or early changes and require considerable time and expertise.