The role of the microbiome on fish mucosal immunity under changing environments.

The environment is crucial for fish as their mucosal surfaces face continuous challenges in the water. Fish mucosal surfaces harbor the microbiome and mucosal immunity. Changes in the environment could affect the microbiome, thus altering mucosal immunity.

Freshwater transfer affected intestinal microbiota with correlation to cytokine gene expression in Asian sea bass.

As a catadromous fish, Asian sea bass () juveniles migrate from seawater (SW) to freshwater (FW) for growth and development. During migration, they undergo physiological changes to acclimate to environmental salinity. Thus, it is crucial to understand how SW-to-FW migration affects the gut microbiota of catadromous fish.