Realized Heritability, Risk Assessment, and Inheritance Pattern in (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Resistant to Dipel ( Kurstaki).

Fabricius is a potential cotton and okra pest in South Asia. The realized heritability, risk assessment, and inheritance mode of Kurstaki (Btk) resistance were determined in the Dipel-selected (DIPEL-SEL) . The DIPEL-SEL strain had a 127.

Field Evolved Resistance in Earias vittella (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) From Punjab, Pakistan Against Commercial Formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki.

Transgenic commercial cotton expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry endotoxins or vegetative Vip toxins provide protection to cotton against bollworm attack. Continuous exposure of these targeted pests to cry toxins and to Bt commercial spray formulations has resulted in the development of resistance through natural selection. Spotted bollworm Earias vittella (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) is considered to be one of the most destructive pests of cotton and okra crops in South Asia including Pakistan and has developed resistance to various synthetic insecticides.