PbRVE6 Promotes Anthocyanins Accumulation in Pear Fruit Peel by Regulating Key Biosynthetic Genes.

Red peel color, a desirable trait in pears, is determined by anthocyanin accumulation. While REVEILLE (RVEs) transcription factors regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in some plant species, their role in pear peel has not been well-studied. This study investigates the function of RVEs in anthocyanin biosynthesis in 'Zaosu' (low anthocyanin content) and its red bud mutant, 'Red Zaosu' (high anthocyanin content) fruit peel.

Accurate photosynthetic parameter estimation at low stomatal conductance: effects of cuticular conductance and instrumental noise.

Accurate estimation of photosynthetic parameters is essential for understanding plant physiological limitations and responses to environmental factors from the leaf to the global scale. Gas exchange is a useful tool to measure responses of net CO assimilation (A) to internal CO concentration (C), a necessary step in estimating photosynthetic parameters including the maximum rate of carboxylation (V) and the electron transport rate (J). However, species and environmental conditions of low stomatal conductance (g) reduce the signal-to-noise ratio of gas exchange, challenging estimations of C.

Response of carbon fixation, allocation, and growth to source-sink manipulation by defoliation in vegetative citrus trees.

Source-sink balance in plants determines carbon distribution, and altering it can impact carbon fixation, transport, and allocation. We aimed to investigate the effect of altered source-sink ratios on carbon fixation, transport, and distribution in 'Valencia' sweet orange (Citrus x sinensis) by various defoliation treatments (0%, 33%, 66%, and 83% leaf removal). Gas exchange parameters were measured on 0 and 10 days after defoliation using A/C response curves, and leaf export was measured two days after defoliation using radioisotope tracer techniques.

A novel bud mutant of navel orange (Citrus sinensis) shows tolerance to chlorosis in acidic and magnesium-deficient soils.

Interveinal chlorosis in old leaves is a common occurrence in citrus orchards in southern China. The present study investigates the 'Langfeng' navel orange (LF, Citrus sinensis) grafted onto a Trifoliate orange (TO, Poncirus trifoliata) rootstock, which exhibits healthy green leaves, and the 'Newhall' navel orange (NHE, C. sinensis) grafted onto TO, which has typical magnesium (Mg) deficiency-induced chlorosis.

Characteristics of boron distribution in the 'Newhall' navel orange plant with two root systems.

Grafting is a technique that provides a substantial way to enhance nutrient utilization thereby improves plant growth and yield quality. Although it is commonly practised in horticultural crops, the impact of scion-rootstock interaction on nutrient distribution is still unclear. Here, 'Newhall' navel orange plants grafted on Trifoliate orange (T) as the original rootstock were inarched with trifoliate orange (N/Tt combination) or carrizo citrange (N/Tc combination) rootstock seedlings.

Antibacterial activity and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by microalgae.

Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using microalgae is novel and cost-effective approach. We studied production, molecular characterization, and antibacterial activity. Filtrates of isolated microalgae strain ZAA1 (MF140241), ZAA2 (MF114592) and ZAA3 (MF114594) were used.

Current Understandings on Magnesium Deficiency and Future Outlooks for Sustainable Agriculture.

The productivity of agricultural produce is fairly dependent on the availability of nutrients and efficient use. Magnesium (Mg) is an essential macronutrient of living cells and is the second most prevalent free divalent cation in plants. Mg plays a role in several physiological processes that support plant growth and development.

Review: Importance of vitamin D in cancer management.

Vitamin D is essential element for growth and development of bones. The receptor of the metabolite of vitamin D known as "nuclear calcitriol" have been identified in tissues and is responsible for playing a wide range of biological processes. Calcidiol [25(OH) D3] corresponds to the storage space and the chief flowing metabolite of vitamin D3.

Reduced expression of CsPH8, a P-type ATPase gene, is the major factor leading to the low citrate accumulation in citrus leaves.

Citrate is an important intermediate product for the biosynthesis of several metabolites in plants. As two important organs of the citrus plant, fruits and leaves have their own metabolites characteristics; among them, citrate is normally high in fruit juice sacs (JS) and low in leaves. In this study, citrate content and transcript levels of citrate synthesis, transport, storage, and utilization related genes were compared between leaves and fruit JS of Citrus reticulata cv.

Multiomic Analysis Elucidates the Reasons Underlying the Differential Metabolite Accumulation in Citrus Mature Leaves and Fruit Juice Sacs.

Fruit and leaf possess distinctly different metabolites. Here, metabolites and transcriptome were compared between mature leaves (ML) and juice sacs (JS) of "Hirado Buntan" to investigate the possible reasons. Results indicated that the remarkable difference in starch, total flavonoids and carotenoids, l-ascorbate, and jasmonic acid between ML and JS was tightly related to the expression levels of their biosynthesis-related genes, while the significant difference in abscisic acid and citrate was mainly related to the gene expression level(s) of 9--epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase and proton pump genes, respectively.

Type I H+-pyrophosphatase regulates the vacuolar storage of sucrose in citrus fruit.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the general role of the vacuolar pyrophosphatase proton pump (V-PPase) in sucrose accumulation in citrus species. First, three citrus V-PPase genes, designated CsVPP-1, CsVPP-2, and CsVPP-4, were identified in the citrus genome. CsVPP-1 and CsVPP-2 belonging to citrus type I V-PPase genes are targeted to the tonoplast, and CsVPP-4 belonging to citrus type II V-PPase genes is located in the Golgi bodies.

A fungal based synthesis method for copper nanoparticles with the determination of anticancer, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities.

Background: Biological procedures for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) are eco-friendly, cost-effective, and easily scalable as compared to chemical and physical methods.

Methods: In the present study, a simple fungus based synthesis method was used for copper nanoparticles. After morphological and molecular characterization of fungal strains, Aspergillus niger strain STA9 was used for CuNPs synthesis.

Identification and Molecular Characterization of Geranyl Diphosphate Synthase (GPPS) Genes in Wintersweet Flower.

Geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPPS) is a plastid localized enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of Geranyl diphosphate (GPP), which is a universal precursor of monoterpenes. Wintersweet ( L.), a famous deciduous flowering shrub with a strong floral scent character, could have GPPS-like homologs that are involved in monoterpenes biosynthesis, but it remains unclear.

Assessment of sugar and sugar accumulation-related gene expression profiles reveal new insight into the formation of low sugar accumulation trait in a sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) bud mutant.

The accumulation of soluble sugars in fleshy fruits largely determines their sweetness or taste. A spontaneous sweet orange mutant 'Hong Anliu' (HAL, Citrus sinensis) accumulates low soluble sugar content in fruit juice sacs than its wild type, 'Anliu' (AL) orange; however, the cause of reduced sugar content in 'HAL' fruit remains unclear. In this study, sugar content and expression profiles of genes involved in sugar metabolism and transport were compared between 'HAL' and 'AL' fruit juice sacs.

Foliar Supplied Boron Can Be Transported to Roots as a Boron-Sucrose Complex via Phloem in Citrus Trees.

Although foliar boron (B) fertilization is regarded as an efficient way to remedy B deficiency, the mechanisms of foliar B transport from leaves to roots are still unclear. In this study, performed with 1-year-old "Newhall" navel orange () grafted on trifoliate orange () plants, we analyzed the B concentration in leaves and roots, B-sucrose complex in the phloem sap after foliar application of B, girdling, and/or shading treatments. Results indicated that B concentration was significantly increased in roots after foliar B treatment.

Comparative Metabolites and Citrate-Degrading Enzymes Activities in Citrus Fruits Reveal the Role of Balance between ACL and Cyt-ACO in Metabolite Conversions.

Citric acid metabolism is considered to be the central cellular process of metabolite conversions. ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) and cytosolic aconitase (cyt-ACO) are the two citrate-degrading enzymes that decide the carbon flux towards different metabolite biosynthesis pathways. However, the correlation of their activities with metabolite concentrations in citrus fruits is still unclear.

CsPH8, a P-type proton pump gene, plays a key role in the diversity of citric acid accumulation in citrus fruits.

Citric acid homeostasis patterns and its content are diversified among the fruits of citrus cultivars, but the cause remained unclear. In this study we showed that changes of citric acid content were highly associated with the expression profiles of a P-type proton pump gene (CsPH8) in the fruits of six citrus cultivars; moreover, analysis of 21 different fruit samples indicated that the correlation coefficient between titratable acid content and CsPH8 transcript level was 0.5837 with a significant level (P < 0.

Genome-wide identification and transcript analysis of vacuolar-ATPase genes in citrus reveal their possible involvement in citrate accumulation.

The vacuolar H-ATPase (V-ATPase) proton pump plays an important role in the acidification of vacuoles; however, genes encoding V-ATPase in the citrus genome and their roles in citric acid accumulation remain unclear in citrus fruit. In this study, we found at least one gene encoding subunit A, B, C, D, G, c'', d or e; two genes encoding the subunit E, F, H or a; and four genes encoding subunit c in the citrus genome. Spatial expression analysis showed that most genes were predominantly expressed in the mature leaves and/or flowers but were less expressed in root and juice cells.

Short Communication: Evaluation of nephrotoxicity by aspirin-clopidogrel combination therapy in patients with acute coronary syndrome.

Although aspirin-clopidogrel combination is more useful for acute coronary syndrome (ACS), the renal safety of this combination had not been established. A total 60 patients with ACS were divided into three groups; receiving aspirin, clopidogrel and aspirin-clopidogrel combination. For determination of renal function, serum BUN, creatinine, uric acid, uric acid clearance and GFR were estimated for four months.

Transcriptome Changes Associated with Boron Deficiency in Leaves of Two Citrus Scion-Rootstock Combinations.

Boron (B) deficiency stress is frequently observed in citrus orchards and causes considerable loss of productivity and fruit quality. Carrizo citrange (Cc) has been reported as a rootstock more tolerant to B deficiency than Trifoliate orange (To). The 'Newhall' navel orange (Ns) performed better when grafted onto Cc (Ns/Cc) than when grafted onto To (Ns/To) under long-term B deficiency.