ADVANCING THE UNDERSTANDING OF CLINICAL SEPSIS USING GENE EXPRESSION-DRIVEN MACHINE LEARNING TO IMPROVE PATIENT OUTCOMES.

Sepsis remains a major challenge that necessitates improved approaches to enhance patient outcomes. This study explored the potential of machine learning (ML) techniques to bridge the gap between clinical data and gene expression information to better predict and understand sepsis. We discuss the application of ML algorithms, including neural networks, deep learning, and ensemble methods, to address key evidence gaps and overcome the challenges in sepsis research.

A TRANSCRIPTOMIC APPRECIATION OF CHILDHOOD MENINGOCOCCAL AND POLYMICROBIAL SEPSIS FROM A PRO-INFLAMMATORY AND TRAJECTORIAL PERSPECTIVE, A ROLE FOR VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR A AND B MODULATION?

This study investigated the temporal dynamics of childhood sepsis by analyzing gene expression changes associated with proinflammatory processes. Five datasets, including four meningococcal sepsis shock (MSS) datasets (two temporal and two longitudinal) and one polymicrobial sepsis dataset, were selected to track temporal changes in gene expression. Hierarchical clustering revealed three temporal phases: early, intermediate, and late, providing a framework for understanding sepsis progression.

Primary neurological manifestations of HIV in children.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) causes various diseases in different age groups. Neurological manifestations of HIV are common and add to morbidity and mortality. It was previously thought that the central nervous system (CNS) was involved only in the advanced stages of the disease.

Causality, Severity, and Avoidability of Adverse Drug Reactions in Hospitalized Children: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Background:  Adverse drug reactions are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in all patients. Information regarding adverse drug reactions in the pediatric age group, especially with regard to the drugs involved and the clinical presentations is scanty. The aim of our study is to determine the incidence of adverse drug reactions and to study their features in terms of causality, type, severity, avoidability, drugs implicated and their clinical presentations.

Severe hypertension in pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis a case report and review of literature.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children. Despite the presence of dehydration, hypertension occurs in a significant proportion of children with DKA. There is a lack of clarity in the literature regarding the management of hypertension in patients with paediatric DKA.

Giant Coronary Aneurysm in an Infant with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2), also known as COVID-19, has rapidly spread resulting in a worldwide pandemic. Although COVID-19 infections in children are generally mild and nonfatal, there is increasing recognition of its association with the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), leading to serious illness and possible long-term complications. This report describes a 6-month-old Indian infant who presented with a 4-day history of fever with nonspecific signs of viral illness and erythematous rash.

Postoperative Adhesive Small Bowel Obstruction Presenting as Acute Urinary Retention.

Unlabelled: Postoperative adhesions are commonly seen after most abdominal surgeries. The majority of patients with intra-abdominal adhesions remain asymptomatic; however, some patients may develop symptoms ranging from mild abdominal pain to sometimes life-threatening complications. The most severe complication seen in association with postoperative adhesions is small bowel obstruction (SBO).

Cardiovascular Toxicity Due to Otilonium Bromide Overdose: A Case Report.

Background: Otilonium bromide is a quaternary ammonium compound commonly used in the management of irritable bowel syndrome. There are no previously published cases of overdose of otilonium bromide in humans. Due to its poor systemic absorption, it acts locally and has an excellent safety profile.

Ortner's Syndrome as a Presenting Feature of Congenital Heart Disease in Infants.

Ortner's syndrome is a rare condition characterized by hoarseness of voice due to left recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy in association with cardiovascular disease. We report two cases of congenital heart disease in infants presenting with Ortner's syndrome. We believe that the dilated pulmonary artery in the first case and the left atrial dilatation in the second case caused compression of the left RLN resulting in hoarseness of voice.

A review of artifacts in histopathology.

Histopathological examination is considered as gold standard procedure for arriving at a final diagnosis of various lesions of the human body. However, it is limited by a number of alterations of normal morphologic and cytological features that occur as a result of presence of artifacts. These artifacts may occur during surgical removal, fixation, tissue processing, embedding and microtomy and staining and mounting procedures.

Octreotide Use in Neonates: A Case Series.

Background And Objective: Octreotide is a somatostatin analogue and has been used off-label for a variety of conditions. There are no specific guidelines for the use of octreotide in neonates and its safety and efficacy have not been systematically evaluated. The objective of this study is to present our experience of using octreotide therapy in neonates.

Cardiac status in children with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.

Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is the most common type of glomerulonephritis seen in children. It can affect multiple organs with heart being frequently involved. Yet, there are very few studies on cardiac status in children with PSGN and hence this study was conducted.

Panayiotopoulos syndrome in a child masquerading as septic shock.

Panayiotopoulos syndrome (PS) is a benign childhood epilepsy with predominant autonomic symptoms. The syndrome can have varied presentations resulting in diagnostic dilemma. We herein describe a 3-year-old boy with PS, who had manifestations similar to septic shock.

Community-acquired pseudomonas aeruginosa liver abscess with portal vein thrombosis in a child.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is usually considered a relatively rare pathogen of pyogenic liver abscess in healthy children. A 3-year-old girl presented with fever, abdominal pain, and vomiting. Ultrasonography of the abdomen showed multiple liver abscesses.

Levetiracetam-induced acute psychosis in a child.

Levetiracetam is well-tolerated and commonly used as a broad spectrum antiepileptic in both partial and generalized seizures. Few cases of levetiracetam-induced psychosis in children are reported in the literature. The present case of levetiracetam-induced acute psychosis highlights the adverse effect of this drug and also emphasizes the need for close monitoring of children on levetiracetam.

Caroli's syndrome with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease.

Caroli's syndrome (CS) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by multiple segmental cystic or saccular dilatations of the intrahepatic bile ducts and congenital hepatic fibrosis. We report a 9-year-old boy who was diagnosed with CS and autosomal recessive poly-cystic kidney disease. On screening, his 5-month-old asymptomatic sister had multiple dilated biliary radicals with multiple bilateral renal cystic lesions.

Unusual presentation of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis as posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a rare clinicoradiologic condition manifesting with headache, seizures, altered sensorium, visual disturbances, and characteristic lesions on neuroimaging predominantly affecting the posterior regions of the brain. We report a case of an 8-year-old boy with poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, presenting as PRES. A magnetic resonance imaging showed hyperintense lesions in bilateral frontal and parietooccipital parenchyma on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and T2-weighted images, suggestive of "PRES.