Modulation of Extracellular ISG15 Signaling by Pathogens and Viral Effector Proteins.

ISG15 is a ubiquitin-like modifier that also functions extracellularly, signaling through the LFA-1 integrin to promote interferon (IFN)-γ release from natural killer (NK) and T cells. The signals that lead to the production of extracellular ISG15 and the relationship between its two core functions remain unclear. We show that both epithelial cells and lymphocytes can secrete ISG15, which then signals in either an autocrine or paracrine manner to LFA-1-expressing cells.

Tumor-Derived GM-CSF Promotes Granulocyte Immunosuppression in Mesothelioma Patients.

The cross-talk between tumor cells, myeloid cells, and T cells can play a critical role in tumor pathogenesis and response to immunotherapies. Although the etiology of mesothelioma is well understood, the impact of mesothelioma tumor cells on the surrounding immune microenvironment is less well studied. In this study, the effect of the mesothelioma tumor microenvironment on circulating and infiltrating granulocytes and T cells is investigated.

Streptonigrin Inhibits SENP1 and Reduces the Protein Level of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α (HIF1α) in Cells.

Streptonigrin (CAS no. 3930-19-6) is a natural product shown to have antitumor activities in clinical trials conducted in the 1960s-1970s. However, its use in clinical studies eventually faded, and the molecular mechanisms of streptonigrin antitumor effects remain poorly defined.

Malignant Mesothelioma Effusions Are Infiltrated by CD3 T Cells Highly Expressing PD-L1 and the PD-L1 Tumor Cells within These Effusions Are Susceptible to ADCC by the Anti-PD-L1 Antibody Avelumab.

Introduction: The functional aspects of programmed death 1 (PD-1) and PD ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoints in malignant mesothelioma have not been studied.

Methods: Tumor samples from 65 patients with mesothelioma were evaluated for PD-L1 expression by immunohistochemistry, and its prognostic significance was examined. Malignant effusions from patients with pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma were evaluated for PD-1-positive and PD-L1-positive infiltrating lymphocytes and their role in inducing PD-L1 expression in tumor cells.

Efficacy of Anti-mesothelin Immunotoxin RG7787 plus Nab-Paclitaxel against Mesothelioma Patient-Derived Xenografts and Mesothelin as a Biomarker of Tumor Response.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antitumor efficacy of the reduced immunogenicity anti-mesothelin immunotoxin RG7787 plus nab-paclitaxel against primary mesothelioma cell lines and tumor xenografts and the utility of mesothelin as a biomarker of tumor response. Early-passage human malignant mesothelioma cell lines NCI-Meso16, NCI-Meso19, NCI-Meso21, and NCI-Meso29 were evaluated for sensitivity to RG7787 or nab-paclitaxel alone or in combination. In addition, the antitumor activity of RG7787 plus nab-paclitaxel was evaluated using NCI-Meso16, NCI-Meso21, and NCI-Meso29 tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice.

Mechanistic insight into sono-enzymatic degradation of organic pollutants with kinetic and thermodynamic analysis.

In this paper, we have attempted to get a physical insight into process of sono-enzymatic treatment for degradation of recalcitrant organic pollutants. Decolourization of an azo dye has been used as model reaction with different experimental protocols that alter characteristics of ultrasound and cavitation phenomena in the system. Experimental data is analyzed to determine kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of decolorization process.

Effect of fermentation parameters on bio-alcohols production from glycerol using immobilized Clostridium pasteurianum: an optimization study.

This article addresses the issue of effect of fermentation parameters for conversion of glycerol (in both pure and crude form) into three value-added products, namely, ethanol, butanol, and 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO), by immobilized Clostridium pasteurianum and thereby addresses the statistical optimization of this process. The analysis of effect of different process parameters such as agitation rate, fermentation temperature, medium pH, and initial glycerol concentration indicated that medium pH was the most critical factor for total alcohols production in case of pure glycerol as fermentation substrate. On the other hand, initial glycerol concentration was the most significant factor for fermentation with crude glycerol.

Sonoenzymatic decolourization of an azo dye employing immobilized horse radish peroxidase (HRP): a mechanistic study.

For degradation of biorefractory pollutants, enzymatic treatments and sonochemical treatments have shown high potential. A combined technique of sono-enzymatic treatment is of special interest as it has shown enhancement effect than the individual techniques. This work has attempted to give a mechanistic insight into the interaction of sonochemical and enzymatic treatments using immobilized horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme on the decolourization of acid red dye (an azo dye).

Mechanistic investigation of ultrasonic enhancement of glycerol bioconversion by immobilized Clostridium pasteurianum on silica support.

Glycerol, the principal byproduct of biodiesel production, can be a valuable carbon source for bioconversion into diverse class of compounds. This article attempts to investigate the mechanistic aspects of ultrasound mediated bioconversion of glycerol to ethanol and 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) by immobilized Clostridium pasteurianum cells on silica support. Our approach is of coupling experimental results with simulations of cavitation bubble dynamics and enzyme kinetics.

Microbial conversion of glycerol: present status and future prospects.

Biodiesel has emerged as a potential alternate renewable liquid fuel in the past two decades. Total annual production of biodiesel stands at 6.96 million tons and 11.

Physical features of ultrasound assisted enzymatic degradation of recalcitrant organic pollutants.

This work has attempted to provide answer to the interaction of sonolysis and enzymatic treatment on degradation of recalcitrant dyes in a combined treatment. The model system comprises of two dyes, acid red and malachite green as model pollutants, along with horseradish peroxidase as a model enzyme and ultrasound of 20 kHz frequency. A dual approach of coupling experimental results with simulations of cavitation bubble dynamics has been adopted.

Effect of direct peroxide bleach application to bovine dentin on flexural strength and modulus in vitro.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of carbamide peroxide (CP) and hydrogen peroxide (HP) bleaching on the flexural strength (FS) and flexural modulus (FM) of dentin.

Methods: 2x2x20mm bovine dentin specimens were immersed in the bleaching agents to simulate overnight (10 or 15% CP, 6h daily, 2 weeks), exaggerated overnight (10% CP, 6h/day, 5 days/week, 2 months), daytime (6.5 or 7.