Epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in breast Cancer: Therapeutic challenges and way forward.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that is upregulated in aggressive triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Ligands such as EGF, TGF-α, epigen, and amphiregulin activate the auto-phosphorylation activity of tyrosine residues on EGFR, which regulates the growth, proliferation, adhesion, migration, and survival of cancer cells. Our prior studies depicted that inhibition of EGFR modulates the chemosensitivity in breast cancer stem cells and, thus, serves as a potent therapeutic target in breast cancer.

Virtual screening, molecular dynamics simulations, and in vitro validation of EGFR inhibitors as breast cancer therapeutics.

A high abundance of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) in malignant cells makes them a prospective therapeutic target for basal breast tumors. Although EGFR inhibitors are in development as anticancer therapeutics, there exists limitations due to the dose-limiting cytotoxicity that limits their clinical utilization, thereby necessitating the advancement of effective inhibitors. In the present study, we have developed common pharmacophore hypotheses using 30 known EGFR inhibitors.

Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition potentiates chemotherapeutics-mediated sensitization of metastatic breast cancer stem cells.

Background: Metastasis has been a cause of the poor prognosis and cancer relapse of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients. The metastatic nature of TNBC is contributed by the breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been implicated in tumorigenesis. Higher expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in breast CSCs has been used as a molecular target for breast cancer therapeutics.

HLA allele frequency of HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 and -DQB1 in Indian recurrent implantation failure and recurrent pregnancy loss couples - A retrospective study.

The maternal-fetal interaction has been hypothesized to involve the human leucocyte antigen (HLA). It has been suggested that excessive HLA antigen sharing between spouses is a mechanism causing maternal hyporesponsiveness to paternal antigens encountered during pregnancy and thus leading to a miscarriage. Participants in this retrospective study are RIF and RPL couples who visited Gunasheela Surgical and Maternity Hospital, Bangalore, India from November 2019 to September 2022.

Future transition in climate extremes over Western Ghats of India based on CMIP6 models.

The effect of climate change on the tropical river catchments in the Western Ghats of India is studied using the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project-6 data (CMIP-6). Multi-model ensembles of rainfall and temperature are constructed using the Random Forest ensemble technique for bias-corrected GCMs in the near future (2014-2050) and far future (2051-2100) horizons. For the two catchments each in the southern, central, and northern Ghats, the trend in minimum and maximum temperatures, precipitation, and other indices are calculated.

Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Couples with Balanced Chromosomal Rearrangements.

Background: Chromosomal rearrangements play an important role in infertility. Carriers of chromosomal rearrangements have a lower chance of producing normal or balanced gametes due to abnormal segregation of chromosomes at meiosis, which leads to recurrent spontaneous abortions and infertility. Preimplantation genetic testing for structural chromosome rearrangements (PGT-SR) is offered to couples who have balanced chromosomal rearrangements in order to select embryos with a balanced karyotype prior to implantation, thereby increasing the chances of pregnancy.

Evaluation of Soft Tissue and Airway Changes in Individuals Treated with Mini-Implant Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion (MARPE).

Introduction: Mini-implant assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE) is gradually becoming the treatment of choice to correct the transverse dimension, exceeding the limitations of conventional RME devices. One of the key factors for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning apart from a stable occlusion is a balanced and aesthetic facial profile that is influenced by maxillary expansion. Similarly, it also affects the anatomy and physiology of the nasal cavity since nasal airflow is a continuous stimulus for lowering of the palate and for lateral maxillary growth.

Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A)-a single-center experience.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and nature of human embryonic aneuploidy based on the preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A), the distribution of aneuploidy across the individual chromosomes, and their relationship to maternal age.

Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study conducted at a single center. The study includes subjects who opted for PGT-A in their in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycle from 2016 to 2020.

Recent Advances on Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor as a Molecular Target for Breast Cancer Therapeutics.

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), a type-I transmembrane protein with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity, is activated by peptide growth factors such as EGF, epigen, amphiregulin, etc. EGFR plays a vital role in regulating cell growth, migration, and differentiation in various tissue-specific cancers. It has been reported to be overexpressed in lung, head, and neck, colon, brain, pancreatic, and breast cancer that triggers tumor progression and drug resistance.

Molecular and clinical studies in 107 Noonan syndrome affected individuals with PTPN11 mutations.

Background: Noonan syndrome (NS), an autosomal dominant developmental genetic disorder, is caused by germline mutations in genes associated with the RAS / mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. In several studies PTPN11 is one of the genes with a significant number of pathogenic variants in NS-affected patients. Therefore, clinically diagnosed NS individuals are initially tested for pathogenic variants in PTPN11 gene to confirm the relationship before studying genotype-phenotype correlation.

Localization of the SRY Gene on Chromosome 3 in a Patient with Azoospermia and a Complex Karyotype 45,X/46,X,i(Y)(q10)/46,XX/ 47,XX,i(Y)(q10).

This study aimed to identify the cause of azoospermia in a 38-year-old infertile man who was referred for genetic testing. Cytogenetic evaluation was performed by G-banding, C-banding, and FISH using centromeric probes for chromosomes X and Y and showed the presence of a monocentric isochromosome Y with a complex, mosaic karyotype 45,X/46,X,i(Y)(q10)/46,XX/47,XX,i(Y)(q10). Multiplex PCR for the commonly deleted genes in the AZFa, AZFb, and AZFc regions of the Y chromosome was performed and indicated the presence of all 3 regions.

A rare presentation of lobular panniculitis in the oral cavity of a 2-year-old patient.

Pannicultis is a rare disorder which usually affects the organ and tissue which are abundant in fat cells. It causes fatty degeneration of the fat cells and the diagnosis is usually made histologically. Here we present you a rare case of lobular pannicultis which occurred in a 2 year old patient in its oral cavity.