Kidney transplantation access and outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and young adults, 1963-2020: an ANZDATA registry study.

Objectives: To assess differences between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Indigenous Australian children and young adults in access to and outcomes of kidney transplantation.

Study Design: A cohort study based on prospectively collected data; analysis of Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry (ANZDATA) data.

Setting, Participants: Children and young adults aged 0-24 years who commenced kidney replacement therapy in Australia during 1963-2020.

Embracing the (r)evolution of social media and digital scholarship in pediatric nephrology education.

Free Open-Access Medical Education (FOAMed) has transformed medical education in the past decade by complementing and substituting for traditional medical education when needed. The attractiveness of FOAMed resources is due to their inexpensive nature, wide availability, and user ability to access on demand across a variety of devices, making it easy to create, share, and participate. The subject of nephrology is complex, fascinating, and challenging.

A Cross-sectional Study on Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 and Other Markers of Mineral Metabolism in Healthy Children in India.

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) plays a significant role in phosphate homeostasis but data on children are limited. We aimed to detect FGF23 levels in 107 healthy children aged 6-16 years and evaluate its correlation with markers of phosphate and calcium metabolism, and the dietary intake of calcium, phosphate, and proteins. Height, weight, and Tanner stages were measured, and dietary intake was calculated.

Clinical characteristics of hospitalised children with acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in the Top End of Australia.

Aims: Despite the declining incidence of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) in Australia, there is still a significant burden of disease amongst Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in the Northern Territory. Childhood APSGN has been highlighted as a predictor of chronic kidney disease in this population. We aimed to describe clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalised children with APSGN in the Northern Territory.

Rising Incidence of End-Stage Kidney Disease and Poorer Access to Kidney Transplant Among Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children and Young Adults.

Introduction: Details of the pediatric population with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in Australia and New Zealand have been published previously. There is, however, a paucity of studies exploring the trends in incidence, etiology, renal replacement therapy (RRT) modality, and transplant access among the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and young adults (ATCYAs) residing in Australia.

Methods: An observational study was undertaken and data on Australian patients who commenced RRT at ≤24 years of age between 1963 and 2017 were extracted from the Australian and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry (ANZDATA).

Incidence and predictors of vascular events following end-stage kidney disease in childhood.

Aim: Cardiovascular death is a leading cause of mortality in paediatric end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). There is however little known about the clinically relevant vascular disease in this population. We aimed to describe the incidence of new onset vascular disease and vascular death in Australian children receiving renal replacement therapy (RRT).

Urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin - A Sensitive Marker for Urinary Tract Infection in Children.

Early antibiotic treatment for urinary tract infection (UTI) in young children can prevent renal scarring. Sensitivity of pyuria and positive urine nitrite test as indicators of UTI are low, whereas results of urine culture, the gold standard for diagnosing UTI, may not be available for 48--72 h. Novel markers for rapid and accurate diagnosis of UTI would help in the early initiation of treatment in children with suspected UTI.

Acute Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis in the Northern Territory of Australia: A Review of Data from 2009 to 2016 and Comparison with the Literature.

Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) is an inflammatory kidney disease following infection with nephritogenic strains of Group A . In 1991, APSGN became notifiable in the Northern Territory (NT) of Australia with cases recorded on the NT Notifiable Disease Database (NTNDS). The case definition of a confirmed case requires laboratory definitive evidence or laboratory suggestive evidence in conjunction with a clinically compatible illness.

Pediatric acute kidney injury and the subsequent risk for chronic kidney disease: is there cause for alarm?

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized clinically as an abrupt decline in renal function marked by reduced excretion of waste products, disordered electrolytes, and disrupted fluid homeostasis. The recent development of a standardized AKI definition has transformed our understanding of AKI epidemiology and outcomes. We now know that in the short term, children with AKI experience greater morbidity and mortality; additionally, observational studies have established that chronic renal sequelae are far more common after AKI events than previously realized.

The path to chronic kidney disease following acute kidney injury: a neonatal perspective.

The risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) in hospitalized critically ill neonatal populations without primary renal disease continues to be high, in both term and premature infants. Observational studies have revealed high rates of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in survivors of neonatal AKI. Proposed mechanisms underlying the progression of CKD following AKI include nephron loss and hyperfiltration, vascular insufficiency and maladaptive repair mechanisms.

Plasma exchange for paediatric kidney disease-indications and outcomes: a single-centre experience.

Background: Outcome data in paediatrics regarding the use of plasmapheresis for immunological kidney disease are scarce.

Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the role of plasmapheresis in children presenting with severe renal impairment secondary to immunological kidney diseases.

Methods: A retrospective chart review of children admitted between January 2009 and August 2013 to the Paediatric Nephrology Unit, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India, and requiring plasma exchange was undertaken.

Clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome.

Background: Tacrolimus has gained acceptance in the management of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) in children. Due to limited data, therapeutic range is extrapolated from pediatric renal transplant recipients. This study was designed to assess therapeutic efficacy of tacrolimus in children with SRNS and its correlation with inter-dose area under concentration curve (AUC0-12 h) and trough concentration (C0).

Renal manifestations of tuberous sclerosis among children: an Indian experience and review of the literature.

Objective: The objective of this study was to describe the renal manifestations in children 0-18 years of age diagnosed with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) at a tertiary hospital in South India.

Methods: Data of children with TSC, who presented to Christian Medical College Vellore Hospital from January 2008 to January 2013, were analysed by a retrospective chart review. The cases were identified from outpatient records and underwent ultrasonography, urine analysis and examination of serum creatinine to recognize renal involvement.

Cochrane in context: pharmacological interventions for hypertension in children.

Background: Hypertension is a major risk factor for stroke, coronary artery disease and kidney damage in adults. There is a paucity of data on the long-term sequelae of persistent hypertension in children, but it is known that children with hypertension have evidence of end-organ damage and are at risk of hypertension into adulthood. The prevalence of hypertension in children is increasing, most likely owing to a concurrent rise in obesity.

Pharmacological interventions for hypertension in children.

Background: Hypertension is a major risk factor for stroke, coronary artery disease and kidney damage in adults. There is a paucity of data on the long-term sequelae of persistent hypertension in children, but it is known that children with hypertension have evidence of end organ damage and are at risk of hypertension into adulthood. The prevalence of hypertension in children is rising, most likely due to a concurrent rise in obesity rates.

Slit2-Robo signaling in inflammation and kidney injury.

Acute kidney injury is an increasingly common global health problem and is associated with severe morbidity and mortality. In addition to facing high mortality rates, the survivors of acute kidney injury are at increased risk of developing chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is the most common cause of acute kidney injury, and results from impaired delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the kidney.