Describing and characterizing the gene family across plant species: a systematic review.

Wall-associated kinases (WAKs) and WAK-likes (WAKLs) are transmembrane pectin receptors which have seen rising interest in recent years due to their roles in stress responses and developmental pathways. Consequently, the genes encoding these proteins are continuously identified, described and characterised across a wide variety of plant species. The primary goal of characterizing these genes is to classify, describe and infer cellular function, mostly through methods.

Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the white root rot pathogen (Xylariaceae: Xylariales).

The mitochondrial genome of is 121,350 base pairs in length with a G + C content of 30.19%. Phylogenetic analysis showed that grouped with other members of the Xylariaceae, with which its mitogenome also shares a broadly similar architecture and gene content.

Identification of Phytophthora cinnamomi CRN effectors and their roles in manipulating cell death during Persea americana infection.

The oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi is a devastating plant pathogen with a notably broad host range. It is the causal agent of Phytophthora root rot (PRR), arguably the most economically important yield-limiting disease in Persea americana (avocado). Despite this, our understanding of the mechanisms P.

Comparative transcriptional analysis of Persea americana MYB, WRKY and AP2/ERF transcription factors following Phytophthora cinnamomi infection.

Plant cells undergo extensive transcriptional reprogramming following pathogen infection, with these reprogramming patterns becoming more complex when pathogens, such as hemibiotrophs, exhibit different lifestyles. These transcriptional changes are often orchestrated by MYB, WRKY and AP2/ERF transcription factors (TFs), which modulate both growth and defence-related gene expression. Transcriptional analysis of defence-related genes in avocado (Persea americana) infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi indicated differential immune response activation when comparing a partially resistant and susceptible rootstock.

U.S. dementia care spending by state: 2010-2019.

Introduction: Dementia is the fourth largest cause of death for individuals 70 years of age and older in the United States, and it is tremendously costly. Existing estimates of the indirect costs of dementia are dated and do not report on differences across the United States.

Methods: We used data from multiple surveys to create cost estimates and projections for informal dementia caregiving at the U.

Unmasking the invaders: NLR-mal function in plant defense.

Plants possess an arsenal of immune receptors to allow for numerous tiers of defense against pathogen attack. These immune receptors can be located either in the nucleocytoplasm or on the plant cell surface. gene clusters have recently gained momentum owing to their robustness and malleability in adapting to recognize pathogens.

Global transcriptomic analysis in avocado nursery trees reveals differential gene expression during asymptomatic infection by avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd).

Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) is the type species of the family Avsunviroidae and the causal agent of avocado sunblotch disease. The disease is characterised by the presence of chlorotic lesions on avocado fruit, leaves and/or stems. Infected trees may remain without chlorosis for extended periods of time, though distorted growth and reduced yield has been observed in these cases.

Transcriptomics Advancement in the Complex Response of Plants to Viroid Infection.

Viroids are the smallest plant pathogens, consisting of a single-stranded circular RNA of less than 500 ribonucleotides in length. Despite their noncoding nature, viroids elicit disease symptoms in many economically important plant hosts, and are, thus, a class of pathogens of great interest. How these viroids establish disease within host plants, however, is not yet fully understood.

Unraveling Plant Cell Death during Infection.

Oomycetes form a distinct phylogenetic lineage of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms, of which several hundred organisms are considered among the most devastating plant pathogens-especially members of the genus . spp. have a large repertoire of effectors that aid in eliciting a susceptible response in host plants.

The Ups and Downs of Plant Expression During Pathogen Infection.

Plant Nucleotide binding-Leucine rich repeat (NLR) proteins play a significant role in pathogen detection and the activation of effector-triggered immunity. NLR regulation has mainly been studied at a protein level, with large knowledge gaps remaining regarding the transcriptional control of genes. The mis-regulation of gene expression may lead to the inability of plants to recognize pathogen infection, lower levels of immune response activation, and ultimately plant susceptibility.

Partially Resistant Avocado Rootstock Dusa Shows Prolonged Upregulation of Genes in Response to Infection.

Avocado is an important agricultural food crop in many countries worldwide. , a hemibiotrophic oomycete, remains one of the most devastating pathogens within the avocado industry, as it is near impossible to eradicate from areas where the pathogen is present. A key aspect to Phytophthora root rot disease management is the use of avocado rootstocks partially resistant to , which demonstrates an increased immune response following infection.

Comparison of the efficiency of the Onderstepoort- and Centres for Disease Control ultraviolet light traps for the collection of livestock associated Culicoides species in South Africa.

Comparative monitoring of the abundance and distribution of Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), the biological vectors of the causative agents of several diseases of global veterinary importance, will be crucial in determining the risk of disease outbreak and spread. Ultraviolet (UV) suction traps have become the most frequent method used for the monitoring of Culicoides diversity and abundance. The current study compared the trapping efficiency of the two most used UV suction light traps, i.

Efficacy of Potential Control Agents Against and Their Physiological Impact on Avocado.

is the causal agent of white root rot (WRR), a fatal disease affecting many woody plants, including avocado (). As with other root diseases, an integrated approach is required to control WRR. No fully effective control methods are available, and no chemical or biological agents against have been registered for use on avocado in South Africa.

Advances in Understanding Defense Mechanisms in Against .

Avocado () is an economically important fruit crop world-wide, the production of which is challenged by notable root pathogens such as and . Arguably the most prevalent, , is a hemibiotrophic oomycete which causes Phytophthora root rot, leading to reduced yields and eventual tree death. Despite its' importance, the development of molecular tools and resources have been historically limited, prohibiting significant progress toward understanding this important host-pathogen interaction.

High genetic diversity of spider species in a mosaic montane grassland landscape.

Gene flow and genetic variation were examined within and among populations of five of the most common spider species in shrublands of the mountainous Golden Gate Highlands National Park (GGHNP), South Africa. These species included three active hunters, Dendryphantes purcelli Peckham & Peckham, 1903 (Salticidae), Pherecydes tuberculatus O.P.

Assembly of Transcriptomes From a B73 Maize Line Introgressed With a QTL for Resistance to Gray Leaf Spot Disease Reveals a Candidate Allele of a Lectin Receptor-Like Kinase.

Gray leaf spot (GLS) disease in maize, caused by the fungus , is a threat to maize production globally. Understanding the molecular basis for quantitative resistance to GLS is therefore important for food security. We developed a assembly pipeline to identify candidate maize resistance genes.

Transcriptome analysis of an incompatible Persea americana-Phytophthora cinnamomi interaction reveals the involvement of SA- and JA-pathways in a successful defense response.

Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands (Pc) is a hemibiotrophic oomycete and the causal agent of Phytophthora root rot (PRR) of the commercially important fruit crop avocado (Persea americana Mill.). Plant defense against pathogens is modulated by phytohormone signaling pathways such as salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), auxin and abscisic acid.

IMA Genome-F 8: Draft genome of , , and .

The genomes of , , and are presented in this genome announcement. Three of these genomes are from plant pathogens and otherwise economically important fungal species. and are not known to cause significant disease but are closely related to species of economic importance.

Complementation of CTB7 in the Maize Pathogen Cercospora zeina Overcomes the Lack of In Vitro Cercosporin Production.

Gray leaf spot (GLS), caused by the sibling species Cercospora zeina or Cercospora zeae-maydis, is cited as one of the most important diseases threatening global maize production. C. zeina fails to produce cercosporin in vitro and, in most cases, causes large coalescing lesions during maize infection, a symptom generally absent from cercosporin-deficient mutants in other Cercospora spp.

A new species of Alhajarmyia Stuckenberg (Diptera: Vermileonidae), the first wormlion fly described from East Africa and its biogeographical implications.

A second species of the genus Alhajarmyia Stuckenberg (A. stuckenbergi Swart, Kirk-Spriggs & Copeland, sp. n.