History of Multiple Allergies and Gradual Onset Running-Related Injuries in Distance Runners: SAFER XXXV.

Objective: To determine if any gradual onset running-related injury (GORRI) was associated with any allergies, multiple allergies (allergies to animals, plants, medication), and allergy medication use.

Design: Cross-sectional descriptive study.

Setting: Two Oceans Marathons (56 km, 21.

Incidence of respiratory infections and SARS-CoV-2 is higher during contact phases in student rugby players - Lessons learnt from COVID-19 risk mitigation strategies-AWARE V.

The incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARinf), including SARS-CoV-2, in unvaccinated student rugby players during phases from complete lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic to returning to competition is unknown. The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of ARinf (including SARS-CoV-2) during non-contact and contact phases during the COVID-19 pandemic to evaluate risk mitigation strategies. In this retrospective cohort study, 319 top tier rugby players from 17 universities completed an online questionnaire.

History of Multiple Allergies and Gradual Onset Running-Related Injuries in Distance Runners: SAFER XXXV.

Objective: To determine if any gradual onset running-related injury (GORRI) was associated with any allergies, multiple allergies (allergies to animals, plants, medication), and allergy medication use.

Design: Cross-sectional descriptive study.

Setting: Two Oceans Marathons (56 km, 21.

Years of running, chronic diseases, and allergies are associated with gradual onset Achilles tendon injuries in 61,252 running race entrants: SAFER XXXIX study.

Background: Gradual-onset Achilles tendon injuries (GoATIs) in runners are common. Data show that chronic diseases are associated with GoATI.

Objective: To determine risk factors associated with a history of GoATIs among long-distance runners (21.

Fumonisin B protects against long-chained polyunsaturated fatty acid-induced cell death in HepG2 cells - implications for cancer promotion.

Fumonisin B (FB), a food-borne mycotoxin, is a cancer promoter in rodent liver and augments proliferation of initiated cells while inhibiting the growth of normal hepatocytes by disrupting lipid biosynthesis at various levels. HepG2 cancer cells exhibited resistance to FB-induced toxic effects presumably due to their low content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) even though FB-typical lipid changes were observed, e.g.

Does Reducing Alcohol Use Among People with HIV Alleviate Psychological Distress and Symptoms of Depression? A Randomized Controlled Trial in Tshwane, South Africa.

Although alcohol use is associated with depression, it is unclear if brief alcohol reduction interventions can ameliorate depression and psychological distress among people with HIV (PWH). We use data from a two-arm randomised controlled trial to examine this question. PWH on antiretroviral treatment (ART) were randomly assigned to receive a brief intervention or treatment as usual (n = 622).

Do five screening tools identify the same number of runners who require pre-exercise medical clearance? SAFER XXXIV.

Objectives: Currently, there are five international screening tools that are recommended to identify individuals who require pre-exercise medical clearance to reduce the risk of medical encounters during exercise. Therefore, the aim was to determine the percentage of race entrants who are advised to obtain pre-exercise medical clearance and the observed agreement between these five different international pre-exercise medical screening tools.

Methods: In all, 76,654 race entrants from the Two Oceans Marathon (2012-2015) that completed an online pre-race screening questionnaire.

Males, Older Age, Increased Training, Chronic Diseases, Allergies, and History of Injury Are Independent Risk Factors Associated With a History of Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramping in Distance Runners in 76 654 Race Entrants - SAFER XXIX.

Objective: To determine independent risk factors associated with a history of exercise-associated muscle cramps (hEAMCs) in distance runner race entrants in a community-based mass participation event.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Setting: 2012 to 2015, Two Oceans marathon races (21.

Factors associated with patellofemoral pain in recreational road cyclists: A cross-sectional study in 59953 cyclists - SAFER XXXIII.

Objective: Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a common cycling-related injury, and independent factors need to be identified to enable effective injury prevention strategies. We aim to determine factors associated with PFP in cyclists entering mass community-based events.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Clinical characteristics of gradual onset injuries in recreational road cyclists - SAFER XXVII study over 5 years in 62758 race entrants.

Objective: Gradual onset injuries (GOIs) in recreational cyclists are common but not well described. The aim of this study is to describe the clinical characteristics of GOIs (main anatomical regions, specific anatomical sites, specific GOIs, tissue type, severity of GOIs, and treatment modalities) of GOIs among entrants participating in a community-based mass participation-cycling event over 5 years.

Methods: During the 2016-2020 Cape Town Cycle Tour, 62,758 consenting race entrants completed an online pre-race medical screening questionnaire.

The incidence and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection in South African professional rugby players - AWARE II.

Objectives: To describe the incidence and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infections in South African professional rugby union players in different phases of return-to-competition during a pandemic.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Methods: Players reported their history of SARS-CoV-2 infection before/during a national competition, using an online questionnaire (physician verified).

Predictors of multiple injuries in individual distance runners: A retrospective study of 75,401 entrants in 4 annual races-SAFER XX.

Background: There are limited data on factors that predict an increased risk of multiple injuries among distance runners. The objective of this study was to determine risk factors that are predictive of individual runners with a high annual multiple injury risk (MIR).

Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional study at 4 annual (2012-2015) Two Oceans 21.

Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics, and Self-Reported Treatment of Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramping Differ Between 21.1- and 56-Km Running Race Entrants-SAFER XXII.

Objective: To determine whether the lifetime prevalence and clinical characteristics of exercise-associated muscle cramping (EAMC) differ between runners entering a 21.1- versus 56-km road race.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Independent Risk Factors Predicting Gradual Onset Injury in 2824 Trail Running Race Entrants: SAFER XVIII Study.

Introduction: Trail running is characterized by elevation changes, with uneven and varying running surfaces. Risk factors that may predict gradual-onset running-related injuries (GORRIs) in short-distance trail running have not been explored. The objective was to determine risk factors that predict GORRIs in trail running race entrants who entered mass community-based trail running events.

Risk factors for not finishing an ultramarathon: 4-year study in 23,996 race starters, SAFER XXI.

Background: Limited data support prerace medical screening to identify risk factors for not finishing an endurance running race. The aim of the study was to determine risk factors associated with not finishing an ultramarathon.

Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional study of Two Oceans ultramarathon (56 km) race starters who completed a prerace medical screening questionnaire.

Longer race distance predicts gastrointestinal illness-related medical encounters in 153,208 endurance runner race starters - SAFER XVI.

Background: Gastrointestinal illness-related (GITill) medical encounters during distance running range from mild to debilitating. The objective of this study was to identify factors that may predict GITill among 21.1 km and 56 km race starters.

History of chronic disease is a novel intrinsic risk factor associated with gradual onset injuries in recreational road cyclists: A cross-sectional study in 21,824 cyclists - SAFER XIV.

Objectives: Risk factors related to Gradual onset injuries (GOIs) in cyclists need to be identified to enable effective injury prevention strategies. We aim to determine risk factors related to GOIs in cyclists participating in mass community-based events.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Differential Cytotoxicity of Rooibos and Green Tea Extracts against Primary Rat Hepatocytes and Human Liver and Colon Cancer Cells - Causal Role of Major Flavonoids.

Differential anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of aqueous extracts of green rooibos (Rg; ) and green tea (GT; ) and an aspalathin-enriched extract of green rooibos (GRE), were investigated in primary rat hepatocytes (PH) and human liver (HepG2) and colon (HT-29) cancer cells. Rooibos flavonoids, aspalathin and luteolin, and the green tea flavanol, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), were included to assess their contribution relative to their extract concentrations. GRE was the most effective in reducing cell growth parameters which was associated with a high total polyphenol content and high ferric reducing potential.

Epidemiology, clinical characteristics and severity of gradual onset injuries in recreational road cyclists: A cross-sectional study in 21,824 cyclists - SAFER XIII.

Objectives: Prevalence, clinical characteristics and severity of gradual onset injuries (GOIs) in cyclists are poorly documented. We determine the prevalence, anatomical regions/sites affected and severity of GOIs among entrants in a community-based mass participation event.

Design: Cross-sectional study; SETTING: Cape Town Cycle Tour; PARTICIPANTS: Race entrants.

Women, older age, faster cycling speed and increased wind speeds are independent risk factors for acute injury-related medical encounters during a 109 km mass community-based participation cycling event: a 3-year study in 102251 race starters-SAFER XII.

Background: There are limited data on acute injury-related medical encounters (injuries) in endurance cycling events.

Objective: To determine the risk factors for injuries during a mass community-based endurance cycling event.

Design: Retrospective, cross-sectional study.

Risk Factors for Illness-related Medical Encounters during Cycling: A Study in 102,251 Race Starters-SAFER XI.

Purpose: There are limited data on risk factors associated with illness-related medical encounters (illME) in cycling events. The aim of this study was to determine risk factors associated with illME in mass community-based endurance cycling events.

Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study in the Cape Town Cycle Tour (109 km), South Africa, with 102,251 race starters.

Pre-race screening and stratification predicts adverse events-A 4-year study in 29585 ultra-marathon entrants, SAFER X.

Background: Pre-race screening and risk stratification in recreational endurance runners may predict adverse events (AEs) during a race.

Aim: To determine if pre-race screening and risk stratification predict AEs during a race.

Methods: A total of 29 585 participants (Male 71.

Precision, agreement and utility of a contemporary non-contact corneal aesthesiometer.

Background: The measurement of corneal sensitivity threshold is important for several ocular surface diseases. The current study assesses the precision, agreement and utility of corneal sensitivity threshold measurement using a new, purpose-built non-contact corneal aesthesiometer.

Methods: A new instrument and an established non-contact corneal aesthesiometer device was used to measure the corneal sensitivity threshold on the right eye of 40 healthy human participants.