A review of research on women's use of violence with male intimate partners.

This article provides a review of research literature on women who use violence with intimate partners. The central purpose is to inform service providers in the military and civilian communities who work with domestically violent women. The major points of this review are as follows: (a) women's violence usually occurs in the context of violence against them by their male partners; (b) in general, women and men perpetrate equivalent levels of physical and psychological aggression, but evidence suggests that men perpetrate sexual abuse, coercive control, and stalking more frequently than women and that women also are much more frequently injured during domestic violence incidents; (c) women and men are equally likely to initiate physical violence in relationships involving less serious "situational couple violence," and in relationships in which serious and very violent "intimate terrorism" occurs, men are much more likely to be perpetrators and women victims; (d) women's physical violence is more likely than men's violence to be motivated by self-defense and fear, whereas men's physical violence is more likely than women's to be driven by control motives; (e) studies of couples in mutually violent relationships find more negative effects for women than for men; and (f) because of the many differences in behaviors and motivations between women's and men's violence, interventions based on male models of partner violence are likely not effective for many women.

The resource utilization of women who use violence in intimate relationships.

Studies have found high rates of help seeking among domestic violence victims. However, little research has investigated the help-seeking patterns of women who use violence (many of whom are also abused). Understanding the resources utilized by women who are violent toward their partners may aid in designing interventions that will reduce the women's violence, as well as reduce the victimization they may be experiencing.

Phase 1 dose-escalation study of CP-690 550 in stable renal allograft recipients: preliminary findings of safety, tolerability, effects on lymphocyte subsets and pharmacokinetics.

CP-690 550 inhibits Janus kinase 3 with nanomolar potency. In this dose-escalation study, we assessed the safety, tolerability, effects on lymphocyte subsets, and pharmacokinetics of CP-690 550 when coadministered with mycophenolate mofetil in stable renal allograft recipients for 28 days. Twenty-eight patients were enrolled.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pegfilgrastim in subjects with various degrees of renal function.

A phase I study was conducted to evaluate the effects of renal function on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (absolute neutrophil count [ANC]) of pegfilgrastim in nonneutropenic subjects. Thirty subjects categorized into 5 renal function groups (normal, mildly impaired, moderately impaired, severely impaired, and end-stage renal disease) received 1 subcutaneous injection of pegfilgrastim at 6 mg. The ANC profiles after pegfilgrastim administration were similar across different renal function groups.

Alternative measures of fertility compromise.

Fertility has been defined in many ways-from the demographers practice of simply recording the number of children born, to the precise (but difficult to measure) monthly probability of conception. Infertility is likewise variably defined, making comparison of data across studies difficult. Furthermore, there is debate about which measures/indicators/contributors are the most useful to try to track when trying to understand fertility/infertility, fecundity/subfecundity trends.

Environmental factors and puberty timing: expert panel research needs.

Serono Symposia International convened an expert panel to review the impact of environmental influences on the regulation of pubertal onset and progression while identifying critical data gaps and future research priorities. An expert panel reviewed the literature on endocrine-disrupting chemicals, body size, and puberty. The panel concluded that available experimental animal and human data support a possible role of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and body size in relation to alterations in pubertal onset and progression in boys and girls.

Examination of US puberty-timing data from 1940 to 1994 for secular trends: panel findings.

Whether children, especially girls, are entering and progressing through puberty earlier today than in the mid-1900s has been debated. Secular trend analysis, based on available data, is limited by data comparability among studies in different populations, in different periods of time, and using different methods. As a result, conclusions from data comparisons have not been consistent.

Baby care products: possible sources of infant phthalate exposure.

Objectives: Phthalates are man-made chemicals found in personal care and other products. Recent studies suggest that some phthalates can alter human male reproductive development, but sources of infant exposure have not been well characterized. We investigated the relationship between phthalate metabolite concentrations in infant urine and maternal reported use of dermally applied infant care products.

Pharmacokinetics of telbivudine in subjects with various degrees of renal impairment.

This study evaluates the effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of telbivudine. Thirty-six subjects were assigned, on the basis of creatinine clearance (CL(CR)), to 1 of 5 renal function groups with 6 to 8 subjects per group: normal renal function; mild, moderate, or severe renal impairment; or end-stage renal disease [ESRD] requiring hemodialysis. Subjects received a single oral dose of telbivudine at 600 mg (normal function and mild impairment), 400 mg (moderate impairment), or 200 mg (severe impairment and ESRD); plasma and/or urine samples were collected over a 48-h period for pharmacokinetic analyses.

The pharmacokinetic profile of sitaxsentan, a selective endothelin receptor antagonist, in varying degrees of renal impairment.

Aim: To investigate the pharmacokinetic profile of a single 100-mg oral dose of sitaxsentan, a selective endothelin type A receptor antagonist, in subjects with normal and impaired renal function.

Methods: This was an open label, single oral dose study in subjects with normal [creatinine clearance (CrCL) > or = 80 ml min(-1)] and impaired renal function (mild renal impairment CrCL 51-80 ml min(-1), moderate impairment CrCL 31-50 ml min(-1), severe impairment CrCL < or = 30 ml min(-1)). All subjects received a dose of 100 mg sitaxsentan.

Concentrations of urinary phthalate metabolites are associated with increased waist circumference and insulin resistance in adult U.S. males.

Background: Phthalates impair rodent testicular function and have been associated with anti-androgenic effects in humans, including decreased testosterone levels. Low testosterone in adult human males has been associated with increased prevalence of obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes.

Objectives: Our objective in this study was to investigate phthalate exposure and its associations with abdominal obesity and insulin resistance.

Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of peginterferon alfa-2b in patients with renal insufficiency.

Aim: To evaluate the safety, tolerability and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) alfa-2b in patients with moderate or severe renal insufficiency and in those with normal renal function.

Methods: In an open-label study, subjects with normal renal function (creatinine clearance >80 ml min(-1) per 1.73 m2) and patients with moderate (30-50 ml min(-1) per 1.

Pharmacokinetics and safety of ebastine in healthy subjects and patients with renal impairment.

Objective: To assess the differences in the pharmacokinetics and cardiac safety of ebastine and its active metabolite, carebastine, in patients with normal and impaired renal function.

Methods: Twenty-four patients with varying degrees of renal impairment (mild, moderate or severe: n = 8 per group) and 12 healthy subjects participated in an open-label, parallel-group, multicentre study. Ebastine 20mg was administered orally once daily for 5 days.

Semen quality of fertile US males in relation to their mothers' beef consumption during pregnancy.

Unlabelled: BACKGROUND To look at possible long-term risks from anabolic steroids and other xenobiotics in beef, we examined men's semen quality in relation to their mother's self-reported beef consumption during pregnancy.

Methods: The study was carried out in five US cities between 1999 and 2005. We used regression analyses to examine semen parameters in 387 partners of pregnant women in relation to the amount of beef their mothers reported eating while pregnant.

Garenoxacin pharmacokinetics in subjects with renal impairment.

Objective: This open-label, parallel-group study determined the pharmacokinetics of garenoxacin in subjects with severe renal impairment, including subjects maintained on dialysis.

Research Design And Methods: Subjects were assigned to one of four groups according to their underlying renal function: creatinine clearance (CL(cr)) > 80 mL/min, CL(cr) < 30 mL/min, hemodialysis (HD), and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Subjects received a single oral 600-mg dose of garenoxacin.

Pharmacokinetics of maribavir, a novel oral anticytomegalovirus agent, in subjects with varying degrees of renal impairment.

The effect of renal function on the pharmacokinetics of maribavir, a novel anticytomegalovirus agent, was evaluated in 12 adults with normal renal function (creatinine clearance [CrCl] >80 mL/min) and 19 adults with renal impairment classified as mild (n = 5), moderate (n = 5), or severe (n = 9), as measured by CrCl 50-80, 30-49, and <30 mL/min, respectively. After a single oral dose of maribavir 400 mg, the pharmacokinetics of maribavir, based on total and unbound plasma concentrations, showed no statistically significant difference between subjects with normal renal function and subjects with mild/moderate or severe renal impairment. Renal impairment was associated with an increase in area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) values for an inactive metabolite of maribavir, VP 44469.

The development of a theory of women's use of violence in intimate relationships.

Reports have appeared in the popular press in recent years concluding that women are just as violent as men. These reports stem from acontextual survey studies comparing prevalence rates of women's and men's physical violence. The authors contend that the above conclusion is simplistic and misleading, and that a theoretical framework that embeds women's violence in the context in which it occurs is sorely needed.

Phase I dose escalation study to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetic profile of tefibazumab in subjects with end-stage renal disease requiring hemodialysis.

Two cohorts of four subjects requiring hemodialysis received tefibazumab (10 or 20 mg/kg). The mean elimination half-life was between 17 and 18 days, the average volume of distribution was 7.3 liters, and the average clearance was 12 ml/h for both dose groups.

Pharmacokinetics of ertapenem in patients with varying degrees of renal insufficiency and in patients on hemodialysis.

Ertapenem is a parenteral beta-lactam carbapenem antibiotic. This open-label study examined the pharmacokinetics of single 1-g intravenous doses of ertapenem, administered over 30 minutes, in patients with mild, moderate, and advanced renal insufficiency (RI) and in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring hemodialysis. Pharmacokinetics were compared with historical controls pooled across healthy young and elderly subjects.

The decline of infertility: apparent or real?

Data on trends in fertility and infertility are of significant interest, because they may reflect social, behavioral, biological, or environmental changes. The conclusion that infertility has declined in the United States, based on data from the National Survey of Family Growth, must be interpreted with great caution because of definitional and methodologic concerns.

Does our environment affect our fertility? Some examples to help reframe the question.

The burden of unwanted infertility appears to be increasing, but links to environmental causes have, until recently, been difficult to establish. A large body of data suggests that sperm counts have been declining in Europe and the United States, but interpretation of these statistical trends remains controversial, and the role of the environment uncertain. We were able to show that some currently used pesticides are significantly associated with reduced sperm concentration by linking pesticide concentration in men's urine to results of their semen analysis.