Degenerative aortic valve disease and diabetes: Implications for a link between proteoglycans and diabetic disorders in the aortic valve.

Degenerative aortic valve disease in combination with diabetes is an increasing burden worldwide. There is growing evidence that particularly small leucine-rich proteoglycans are involved in the development of degenerative aortic valve disease. Nevertheless, the role of these molecules in this disease in the course of diabetes has not been elucidated in detail and previous studies remain controversial.

The mode of interfragmentary movement affects bone formation and revascularization after callus distraction.

Callus distraction is sometimes associated with a delay in the maturation process and serious complications. It is believed that these complications are often caused by instability of the bone segment fixation. Typical fixation devices, such as ring-fixators, show significant deformations in all directions under external loading and muscle forces.

Intramembranous bone formation after callus distraction is augmented by increasing axial compressive strain.

The mechanical environment is a primary factor in the success of distraction osteogenesis. It is known that the interfragmentary movement during the distraction and maturation phase effects the callus formation. In addition to cyclic compression, other movements like shear and bending influence the bone formation process as shown in previous callus distraction studies.