Underlying Processes of an Inverted Personalization Effect in Multimedia Learning - An Eye-Tracking Study.

One of the frequently examined design principles in multimedia learning is the personalization principle. Based on empirical evidence this principle states that using personalized messages in multimedia learning is more beneficial than using formal language (e.g.

Modeling mental spatial reasoning about cardinal directions.

This article presents research into human mental spatial reasoning with orientation knowledge. In particular, we look at reasoning problems about cardinal directions that possess multiple valid solutions (i.e.

Eye movements and smart technology.

From a cognitive science/artificial intelligence perspective, this paper identifies the scanpath concept as the instantiation of a general sequencing principle that permeates the organization of spatial scene knowledge throughout the levels of mental processing. As such, it helps create methodologies to open up windows onto higher-level cognitive processes, particularly by relating shifts of visual focus to shifts of attention in mental reasoning. The paper argues that these methodologies form a robust basis for smart applications that employ eye movements to assess and to assist in diagrammatic problem solving.