Microvascular proliferation is associated with high tumour blood flow by mpMRI and disease progression in primary prostate cancer.

Active angiogenesis may be assessed by immunohistochemistry using Nestin, a marker of newly formed vessels, combined with Ki67 for proliferating cells. Here, we studied microvascular proliferation by Nestin-Ki67 co-expression in prostate cancer, focusing on relations to quantitative imaging parameters from anatomically matched areas obtained by preoperative mpMRI, clinico-pathological features and prognosis. Tumour slides from 67 patients (radical prostatectomies) were stained for Nestin-Ki67.

The epithelial-mesenchymal transition regulators Twist, Slug, and Snail are associated with aggressive tumour features and poor outcome in prostate cancer patients.

The prognostic importance of transcription factors promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and angiogenesis has not been well explored in prostate cancer patients with long follow-up, nor the interplay between these factors. The objective of this study was to assess the individual protein expression and co-expression of Twist, Slug (Snai2), Snail (Snai1), and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (Hif-1α) in prostate cancer in relation to EMT, angiogenesis, hypoxia, tumour features, disease recurrence, and patient survival. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on tissue microarray sections from 338 radical prostatectomies with long follow-up.

FOXC2 expression and epithelial-mesenchymal phenotypes are associated with castration resistance, metastasis and survival in prostate cancer.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is important for tumour cell invasion and metastasis and is a feature of aggressive carcinomas. EMT is characterised by reduced E-cadherin and increased N-cadherin expression (EN-switch), and increased expression of the EMT-regulating transcription factor Forkhead box protein C2 (FOXC2) has been associated with progression and poor prognosis in various malignancies. FOXC2 was recently highlighted as a novel therapy target in prostate cancer, but survival data on FOXC2 are lacking.

Optimising preoperative risk stratification tools for prostate cancer using mpMRI.

Purpose: To improve preoperative risk stratification for prostate cancer (PCa) by incorporating multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) features into risk stratification tools for PCa, CAPRA and D'Amico.

Methods: 807 consecutive patients operated on by robot-assisted radical prostatectomy at our institution during the period 2010-2015 were followed to identify biochemical recurrence (BCR). 591 patients were eligible for final analysis.

A positive Real-Time Elastography (RTE) combined with a Prostate Cancer Gene 3 (PCA3) score above 35 convey a high probability of intermediate- or high-risk prostate cancer in patient admitted for primary prostate biopsy.

Background: The standard of care in patients with suspected prostate cancer (PCa) is systematic prostate biopsies. This approach leads to unnecessary biopsies in patients without PCa and also to the detection of clinical insignificant PCa. Better tools are wanted.

Prostate cancer antigen-3 (PCA3) and PCA3-based nomograms in the diagnosis of prostate cancer: an external validation of Hansen's nomogram on a Norwegian cohort.

Objective: The aim of this study was to test the ability of prostate cancer antigen-3 (PCA3) and Hansen's PCA3-based nomogram to predict prostate cancer (PCa) probability in a Norwegian cohort, with the goal of reducing unnecessary biopsies.

Material And Methods: Altogether, 127 consecutive patients were recruited to this study at Haukeland University Hospital, Norway. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), PCA3 score, digital rectal examination (DRE), prostate volume (Pvol) and age were determined.

1.5-T multiparametric MRI using PI-RADS: a region by region analysis to localize the index-tumor of prostate cancer in patients undergoing prostatectomy.

Background: The use of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) to detect and localize prostate cancer has increased in recent years. In 2010, the European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR) published guidelines for mpMRI and introduced the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) for scoring the different parameters.

Purpose: To evaluate the reliability and diagnostic performance of endorectal 1.

A positive real-time elastography is an independent marker for detection of high-risk prostate cancers in the primary biopsy setting.

Objective: To evaluate the performance of real-time elastography (RTE) in an initial biopsy setting.

Patients And Methods: In the period from February 2011 to June 2012, 127 consecutive patients were included in the study. We used a Hitachi Preirus with Hi-RTE module, a prostate end-fire transrectal probe was used for RTE and for targeted biopsies, and a simultaneous biplane probe was used for the standard systematic biopsies.

Combination of real-time elastography and urine prostate cancer gene 3 (PCA3) detects more than 97% of significant prostate cancers.

Objective: The prostate cancer gene 3 (PCA3) score in urine is a promising biomarker for prostate cancer. Real-time elastography (RTE) is a well-documented ultrasound modality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability to detect significant cancer foci in the prostate with these methods alone and in combination.

The expression of thrombospondin-1 and p53 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: its relationship to angiogenesis, cell proliferation and cancer specific survival.

Purpose: We evaluated possible associations among thrombospondin-1, p53 expression, microvessel density, cell proliferation index, nuclear grade, tumor stage and continuously coded tumor size in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. The value of thrombospondin-1 as a prognostic marker in clear cell renal cell carcinoma was examined.

Materials And Methods: A total of 172 consecutive patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma treated with radical nephrectomy were initially enrolled in the study.

TMPRSS2:ERG fusion transcripts in urine from prostate cancer patients correlate with a less favorable prognosis.

The transcription factor ERG is highly upregulated in the majority of prostate cancers due to chromosomal fusion of the androgen responsive promoter of TMPRSS2 to the ERG reading frame. Our aim was to identify this gene fusion in urine samples from prostate cancer patients prior to radical treatment and to compare fusion status with clinicopathological variables. Urine fractions from 55 patients (with and without prior prostatic massage) were analyzed for the presence of TMPRSS2:ERG isoforms using real-time qPCR.

Prosaposin inhibits tumor metastasis via paracrine and endocrine stimulation of stromal p53 and Tsp-1.

Metastatic tumors can prepare a distant site for colonization via the secretion of factors that act in a systemic manner. We hypothesized that non- or weakly metastatic human tumor cells may act in an opposite fashion by creating a microenvironment in distant tissues that is refractory to colonization. By comparing cell lines with different metastatic potential, we have identified a tumor-secreted inhibitor of metastasis, prosaposin (Psap), which functions in a paracrine and endocrine fashion by stimulating the expression of thrombospondin-1 (Tsp-1) in fibroblasts present in both primary tumors and distant organs, doing so in a p53-dependent manner.

Outcome in intermediate or high risk prostate cancer patients receiving radiation dose and hormone therapy.

Background: To analyse the impact of radiation dose escalation and hormone treatment in prostate cancer patients according to risk groups.

Material And Methods: Totally 494 prostate cancer patients received external beam radiation therapy, with or without androgen deprivation, between January 1990 and December 1999. The patients were divided into three risk groups, where the low risk group (stage T(1c), pretreatment prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level < or =10 ng/ml and WHO Grade 1) included 26 patients, the intermediate risk group (either stage T(2), PSA 10.

Proliferation of immature tumor vessels is a novel marker of clinical progression in prostate cancer.

Nestin (neuroepithelial stem cell protein) is expressed in immature endothelial cells, and we here introduce coexpression of Nestin and Ki-67 as a novel angiogenesis marker on tissue sections. Including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) expression, we studied relation to disease progression in prostate cancer. Different patient series were included.

Genome-wide profiling of histone h3 lysine 4 and lysine 27 trimethylation reveals an epigenetic signature in prostate carcinogenesis.

Background: Increasing evidence implicates the critical roles of epigenetic regulation in cancer. Very recent reports indicate that global gene silencing in cancer is associated with specific epigenetic modifications. However, the relationship between epigenetic switches and more dynamic patterns of gene activation and repression has remained largely unknown.

The prognostic relevance of interactions between venous invasion, lymph node involvement and distant metastases in renal cell carcinoma after radical nephrectomy.

Background: To investigate a possible prognostic significance of interactions between lymph node invasion (LNI), synchronous distant metastases (SDM), and venous invasion (VI) adjusted for mode of detection, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and tumour size (TS) in 196 patients with renal cell carcinoma treated with radical nephrectomy.

Methods: Median follow-up was 5.5 years (mean 6.

Parenteral estrogen versus combined androgen deprivation in the treatment of metastatic prostatic cancer: part 2. Final evaluation of the Scandinavian Prostatic Cancer Group (SPCG) Study No. 5.

Objective: To compare parenteral estrogen therapy in the form of high-dose polyestradiol phosphate (PEP; Estradurin) with combined androgen deprivation (CAD) in the treatment of prostate cancer patients with skeletal metastases. The aim of the study was to compare anticancer efficacy and adverse events, especially cardiovascular events.

Material And Methods: In total, 910 eligible patients with T0-4, NX, M1, G1-3 prostate cancer with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0-2 were randomized to treatment with either PEP 240 mg i.

A switch from E-cadherin to N-cadherin expression indicates epithelial to mesenchymal transition and is of strong and independent importance for the progress of prostate cancer.

Purpose: Cell adhesion molecules are of crucial importance in cancer invasion and metastasis. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition, characterized by reduced E-cadherin and increased N-cadherin expression, has been recognized as a feature of aggressive tumors, but the importance of this phenotype has not been settled in human prostate cancer. We here present novel data, with special focus on the independent relationship between an E-cadherin to N-cadherin switch (EN-switch) and patient prognosis.

Increased expression of SIM2-s protein is a novel marker of aggressive prostate cancer.

Purpose: The human SIM2 gene is located within the Down's syndrome critical region of chromosome 21 and encodes transcription factors involved in brain development and neuronal differentiation. SIM2 has been assigned a possible role in the pathogenesis of solid tumors, and the SIM2-short isoform (SIM2-s) was recently proposed as a molecular target for cancer therapy. We previously reported SIM2 among the highly up-regulated genes in 29 prostate cancers, and the purpose of our present study was to examine the expression status of SIM2 at the transcriptional and protein level as related to outcome in prostate cancer.

ERG upregulation and related ETS transcription factors in prostate cancer.

The aim of this study was to identify and validate differentially expressed genes in matched pairs of benign and malignant prostate tissue. Samples included 29 histologically verified primary tumors and 23 benign controls. Microarray analysis was initially performed using a sequence verified set of 40,000 human cDNA clones.

Is preoperative serum prostate-specific antigen level significantly related to clinical recurrence after radical retropubic prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer?

Objective: To evaluate the influence of preoperative serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level and other clinicopathological variables on the probability of biochemical failure and clinical recurrence after radical prostatectomy (RP) for localized prostate cancer.

Patients And Methods: The study was a retrospective survival analysis in 211 patients undergoing retropubic RP for clinically localized prostate cancer in the period 1988-2000. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method; survival endpoints were biochemical failure, defined as a PSA level of > or = 0.

EZH2 expression is associated with high proliferation rate and aggressive tumor subgroups in cutaneous melanoma and cancers of the endometrium, prostate, and breast.

Purpose: EZH2 is a member of the polycomb group of genes and important in cell cycle regulation. Increased expression of EZH2 has been associated previously with invasive growth and aggressive clinical behavior in prostate and breast cancer, but the relationship with tumor cell proliferation has not been examined in human tumors. The purpose of this study was to validate previous findings in a population-based setting, also including tumors that have not been studied previously.