Identifying microbiome-based changes and biomarkers prior to disease development in mother and child, with a focus on gestational diabetes mellitus: protocol for the DANish Maternal and Offspring Microbiome (DANMOM) cohort study.

Introduction: The human gut microbiota is associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), which imposes a risk of developing long-term health problems for mother and child. Most studies on GDM and microbiota have been cross-sectional, which makes it difficult to make any conclusions on causality. Furthermore, it is important to assess if a dysbiotic microbiota is passed from the mother to the child, and then being at risk of developing metabolic health problems later in life.

A comparison of the breast milk microbiota from women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus and women without gestational diabetes mellitus.

Background: Human breast milk (HBM) is a contributing factor in modulating the infant's gut microbiota, as it contains bacteria that are directly transferred to the infant during breastfeeding. It has been shown that children of women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have a different gut microbiota compared to children of women without GDM. Our hypothesis is therefore that women with GDM have a different HBM microbiota, which may influence the metabolic function and capacity of the child later in life.

Differences in bacterial taxa between treatment-naive patients with major depressive disorder and non-affected controls may be related to a proinflammatory profile.

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by sadness and anhedonia, but also physical symptoms such as changes in appetite and weight. Gut microbiota has been hypothesized to be involved in MDD through gut-brain axis signaling. Moreover, antidepressants display antibacterial properties in the gastrointestinal tract.

Use of Fermented Red Clover Isoflavones in the Treatment of Overactive Bladder in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Postmenopausal women are at risk of developing an overactive bladder (OAB). Conventional vaginal estrogen has shown promise for symptom relief. Isoflavones have proven effective as an alternative to estrogen treatment against menopause-related symptoms.

The urinary, vaginal and gut microbiota in women with genital lichen sclerosus - A case-control study.

Background: Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic, autoimmune skin disease predominantly located in the anogenital region in women. In recent years, the role of the human microbiota in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including LS, has received interest.

Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate and compare the composition of the urinary, vaginal and gut microbiota in women with LS versus non-affected controls.

Children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder share distinct microbiota compositions.

An association has been suggested between altered gut microbiota, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), respectively. Thus, we analyzed the gut microbiota composition in children and adolescents with or without these disorders and evaluated the systemic effects of these bacteria. We recruited study participants diagnosed with ADHD, ASD, and comorbid ADHD/ASD, while the control groups consisted both of siblings and non-related children.

Efficacy of FODMAP Elimination and Subsequent Blinded Placebo-Controlled Provocations in a Randomised Controlled Study in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis in Remission and Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Feasibility Study.

Background: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) may be intolerant to fermentable carbohydrates (FODMAPs). The aim of this study was to test the feasibility of eliminating and subsequently reintroducing FODMAPs in patients with IBS symptoms as part of the IBD manifestation and to compare the severity of IBS symptoms and pain, bloating and quality of life (QoL). Methods: An eight-week randomised open-label FODMAP elimination with double-blinded, crossover provocations of FODMAP and placebo.

The Prevalence and Clinical Implications of Rectal SARS-CoV-2 Shedding in Danish COVID-19 Patients and the General Population.

SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in a global pandemic since its outbreak in Wuhan, 2019. Virus transmission primarily occurs through close contact, respiratory droplets, and aerosol particles. However, since SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in fecal and rectal samples from infected individuals, the fecal-oral route has been suggested as another potential route of transmission.

Characteristics of the gut microbiome in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review.

Background: The incidence of women developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is increasing, which is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) for both mother and child. Gut microbiota dysbiosis may contribute to the pathogenesis of both GDM and the accompanying risk of T2DM. Thus, a better understanding of the microbial communities associated with GDM could offer a potential target for intervention and treatment in the future.

Prolonged rectal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in a 22-day-old-neonate: a case report.

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is characterized by a diverse clinical picture. Children are often asymptomatic or experience mild symptoms and have a milder disease course compared to adults. Rectal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 has been observed in both adults and children, suggesting the fecal-oral route as a potential route of transmission.

Faecal microbiota transplantation from patients with depression or healthy individuals into rats modulates mood-related behaviour.

Differences in gut microbiota composition have been observed in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) compared to healthy individuals. Here, we investigated if faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from patients with MDD into rats could induce a depressive-like phenotype. We performed FMT from patients with MDD (FMT-MDD) and healthy individuals (FMT-Healthy) into male Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) and Flinders Resistant Line (FRL) rats and assessed depressive-like behaviour.

Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus infections in Danish patients diagnosed with vulvar squamous cell tumors and precursors.

Objective: To study the prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) in patients with vulvar high-grade precancerous lesions and vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC).

Methods: Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples from Danish patients diagnosed with vulvar precancerous lesions or VSCC in the period from 2010 to 2012 were obtained. HPV-DNA detection was carried out by the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using GP5+/GP6+ primers and genotyped by sequencing.

Description of the voided urinary microbiota in asymptomatic prepubertal children - A pilot study.

Background: Recently, it has been established that the urine of a healthy adult bladder contains a microbiota and that urinary dysbiosis may be involved in the development of urinary tract diseases. The urinary microbiota and its relation to bladder health and disease in children is yet to be established. The objective of the present study was to investigate the voided urinary microbiota in asymptomatic prepubertal children.

Gut microbiota variations in patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder-A systematic review.

Objective: The etiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) is multi-factorial and has been associated with a perturbed gut microbiota. Thus, it is therefore of great importance to determine any variations in gut microbiota in patients with MDD.

Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted including original research articles based on gut microbiota studies performed in patients with MDD.

Gut Microbiota in Bone Health and Diabetes.

Purpose Of Review: Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are at increased risk of developing osteopathogenesis and skeletal fragility. The role of the gut microbiota in both DM and osteopathy is not fully explored and may be involved in the pathology of both diseases.

Recent Findings: Gut microbiota alterations have been observed in DM and osteopathogenic disorders as compared with healthy controls, such as significantly lower abundance of Prevotella and higher abundance of Lactobacillus, with a diminished bacterial diversity.

Pre- and postmenopausal women have different core urinary microbiota.

Recent studies suggest that alterations in the female urinary microbiota is associated to development of bladder disease. However, the normal microbiota composition and variation in healthy women are poorly described. Moreover, the effects of hormonal changes on microbiota during menopause is not well understood.

Voided Urinary Microbiota Is Stable Over Time but Impacted by Post Void Storage.

New sensitive techniques have revealed a thriving bacterial community in the human urinary tract, challenging the perception that urine in healthy humans is sterile. While the functional role of this urinary microbiota is unknown, dysbiosis has been linked to urgency urinary incontinence and risk of urinary tract infections. When comparing studies, it is crucial to account for possible confounders introduced due to methodological differences.

Gut microbiota profiles of autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic literature review.

Accumulating evidence has implicated an involvement of the gut-brain axis in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), however with highly diverse results. This systematic review aims to describe and evaluate studies investigating the gut microbiota composition in individuals with ASD or ADHD and to evaluate if variations in gut microbiota are associated with these disorders. Twenty-four articles were identified in a systematic literature search of PubMed and Embase up to July 22, 2019.

The presence of bacteria varies between colorectal adenocarcinomas, precursor lesions and non-malignant tissue.

Background: A causal association has been suggested between certain bacteria and colorectal cancer (CRC). Only a few studies have, however, investigated the presence of these bacteria directly in colon tissue with conflicting results. It is thus uncertain which role they may have in prognosis and carcinogenesis of CRC.

High CXCR4 expression impairs rituximab response and the prognosis of R-CHOP-treated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients.

Survival of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients has improved by inclusion of rituximab. Refractory/recurrent disease caused by treatment resistance is, however, a major problem. Determinants of rituximab sensitivity are not fully understood, but effect of rituximab are enhanced by antagonizing cell surface receptor CXCR4.

Interpersonal Variations in Gut Microbiota Profiles Supersedes the Effects of Differing Fecal Storage Conditions.

Due to ease of acquisition, fecal samples are often used in studies investigating gut microbiota. Improper handling of these samples can lead to bacterial growth and alter bacterial composition. While freezing samples at -80 °C is considered gold standard, this is not suitable for studies utilizing self-sampling by lay participants or field studies.

[The human gut microbiota].

Characterization of the human gut microbiota has caused a paradigm shift in modern biomedical research. Maintenance of gut microbiota depends on mutual microbe-host interactions, which when disturbed can lead to dysbiosis. Dysbiosis has been associated with a variety of autoimmune and metabolic diseases.

HPV16 E6 and E7 Upregulate Interferon-Induced Antiviral Response Genes ISG15 and IFIT1 in Human Trophoblast Cells.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is suggested to infect trophoblasts in the placenta, and HPV infections are reported to be more prevalent in pregnancies with adverse outcomes. Results are however controversial, and studies investigating the molecular consequences of placental HPV infections are lacking. We studied HPV DNA localization in the placenta in cases of spontaneous abortion/spontaneous preterm delivery as well as in elective abortion/normal full-term delivery.

Human papillomavirus infects placental trophoblast and Hofbauer cells, but appears not to play a causal role in miscarriage and preterm labor.

Introduction: Recently, an association between human papillomavirus infection and both spontaneous abortion and spontaneous preterm delivery was suggested. However, the reported human papillomavirus prevalence in pregnant women varies considerably and reliable conclusions are difficult. We aimed to investigate human papillomavirus infection in placental tissue of a Danish study cohort.