Evaluation of lung homogeneity in neonates and small infants during general anaesthesia using electrical impedance tomography: a prospective observational study.

Background: Prolonged mechanical ventilation can create heterogeneous ventilation patterns, which increase the risk of lung injury in infants. However, little is understood about the risk of brief exposure to mechanical ventilation during anaesthesia. The aim of this prospective observational study was to describe the regional pattern of lung ventilation during general anaesthesia in healthy neonates and infants, using electrical impedance tomography.

Neurodevelopmental outcome at 5 years of age after general anaesthesia or awake-regional anaesthesia in infancy (GAS): an international, multicentre, randomised, controlled equivalence trial.

Background: In laboratory animals, exposure to most general anaesthetics leads to neurotoxicity manifested by neuronal cell death and abnormal behaviour and cognition. Some large human cohort studies have shown an association between general anaesthesia at a young age and subsequent neurodevelopmental deficits, but these studies are prone to bias. Others have found no evidence for an association.

Implicit memory formation using the word stem completion task during anesthesia in children.

Aims: To determine whether there is evidence of implicit memory formation during pediatric anesthesia using the word stem completion task.

Background: In adults, there is mixed evidence for implicit memory formation during anesthesia; however, there is no evidence in children. Implicit memory in adults has been detected using the word stem completion task.

The severity and duration of postoperative pain and analgesia requirements in children after tonsillectomy, orchidopexy, or inguinal hernia repair.

Objectives: To provide parents of children with accurate information regarding postoperative pain, its management, and functioning following common surgical procedures.

Background: The increasing prevalence of pediatric day-case procedures demands a more thorough understanding of the recovery profiles associated with these operations.

Aim: To document postdischarge pain profiles, analgesia requirements, and functional limitation in children following tonsillectomy, orchidopexy, or inguinal hernia repair (IHR).

Postoperative mortality in children after 101,885 anesthetics at a tertiary pediatric hospital.

Background: Mortality is a basic measure for quality and safety in anesthesia. There are few anesthesia-related mortality data available for pediatric practice. Our objective for this study was to determine the incidence of 24-hour and 30-day mortality after anesthesia and to determine the incidence and nature of anesthesia-related mortality in pediatric practice at a large tertiary institution.

Behavior and quality of life measures after anesthesia for tonsillectomy or ear tube insertion in children.

Background: Past research examining the psychosocial impact of general anesthesia and day case surgery on children has been hampered by a lack of valid and reliable assessment tools.

Aim: The purpose of the current study was to assess the feasibility of using a well-validated scale (i.e.

Study to assess the laryngeal and pharyngeal spread of topical local anesthetic administered orally during general anesthesia in children.

Background: Topical local anesthesia of the airway of anaesthetized children has many potential benefits. In our institution, lignocaine is topically instilled blindly into the back of the mouth with the expectation that it will come into contact with the larynx. The volume and method of application varies between clinicians.

Implicit memory formation during routine anesthesia in children: a double-masked randomized controlled trial.

Background: Implicit memory cannot be consciously recalled but may be revealed by changes in behavior. There is evidence for implicit memory formation during anesthesia in adults, but several studies in children have found no evidence for implicit memory. This may be due to insensitive testing.

Detecting awareness in children by using an auditory intervention.

Background: The incidence of awareness has been reported to be higher in children than in adults. Accurately assessing awareness in children is difficult, and the lack of a specific measure of awareness makes it difficult to determine exactly how many and why children are aware. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and timing of awareness in children by using auditory stimuli applied during anesthesia.

MAC-awake of sevoflurane in children.

Introduction: Age influences the potency of anesthetic agents, but there is little information on how age influences MAC-awake. MAC-awake may be an important aspect of anesthesia potency for the prevention of awareness during anesthesia. The aim of this study was to measure MAC-awake in a range of ages in children.

The electroencephalograph during anesthesia and emergence in infants and children.

Background: The characteristics of the electroencephalogram (EEG) during anesthesia in children are poorly described. An understanding of the EEG during anesthesia may help explain and predict the performance of EEG-derived depth of anesthesia monitors in children. This study aims to describe the association between age and some basic characteristics of the EEG during nonstandardized anesthesia in children and infants.