Blood and tissue levels of persistent organic pollutants and genetic susceptibility in patients with breast cancer.

We investigated possible associations between the internal concentrations of POPs and correlations between blood and tumor tissue concentrations in patients who underwent surgery for breast cancer and breast reduction as controls. Genetic variations in CYP1A1, GSTP1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 and hOGG1 were evaluated to determine whether they represent risk factors for breast cancer. Certain POPs have been found to be associated with breast cancer development.

The relationship between lymphocyte DNA damage, coronary artery disease, and blood trace elements.

Somatic DNA damage and causative factors (occupational exposures, foods, habits, etc.) are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, although knowledge about their role in coronary artery disease (CAD) is still insufficient. This study aimed to determine the effects of lymphocyte-DNA damage and blood trace element concentrations on CAD.

The Potential Role of and Genetic Variations and Lifestyle Factors on Clozapine and N-DesmethylClozapine Plasma Levels in Schizophrenia Patients.

Background: Despite its advantages over other antipsychotics, for treatment-resistant schizophrenia, clinical use of Clozapine (CLZ) is challenging by its narrow therapeutic index and potentially life-threatening dose-related adverse effects.

Research Design And Methods: As the potential role in CLZ metabolism is assigned to CYP1A2 enzyme and consequently Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) their genetic variations might help to determine CLZ levels in schizophrenia patients. For this purpose, 112 schizophrenia patients receiving CLZ were included in the current study.

Evaluation of distal tibial epiphysis and calcaneal epiphysis according to the Vieth method in 3.0 T magnetic resonance images: a pilot study.

In forensic medicine practice, age estimation-both in living and deceased individuals-can be requested due to legal requirements. Radiologic methods, such as X-rays, for the estimation of bone age have been discussed, and ethical concerns have been raised. Given these factors, radiologic methods that reduce radiation exposure have gained importance and have become one of the research topics in forensic medicine.

A Novel Genotyping Method for Detection of the Muscarinic Receptor Gene rs2067477 Polymorphism and Its Genotype/Allele Frequencies in a Turkish Population.

Objectives: Gene variation in the cholinergic muscarinic receptor 1 (CHRM1) has potential to become a candidate biomarker in the development of several disorders as well as drug response. In this study, a novel polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay was developed to determine the C to A single nucleotide polymorphism at position 267 in the gene.

Materials And Methods: A new reverse primer and a mismatched forward primer were designed to obtain 125 bp PCR products.

The Effect of Enantiomer Elution Order on the Determination of Minor Enantiomeric Impurity in Ketoprofen and Enantiomeric Purity Evaluation of Commercially Available Dexketoprofen Formulations.

In a recent study, opposite enantiomer elution order was observed for ketoprofen enantiomers on two amylose-phenylcarbamate-based chiral columns with the same chemical composition of the chiral selector but in one case with coated while in the other with an immobilized chiral selector. In the present study, the influence of this uncommon effect on method validation parameters for the determination of minor enantiomeric impurity in dexketoprofen was studied. The validated methods with two alternative elution orders for enantiomers were applied for the evaluation of enantiomeric impurity in six marketed dexketoprofen formulations from various vendors.

The Influence of Genetic Variations and Drug Interactions Based on Metabolism of Antidepressants and Anticonvulsants.

Background: The variability in drug response is highly complex and can be attributed to the polymedication, genetic polymorphisms modulating drug-metabolizing enzyme activities (cytochromes P450, CYP), physiological and environmental factors." sentence could be revised as "The variability in drug response is highly complex and can be attributed to the polymedication, genetic polymorphisms modulating drugmetabolizing enzyme activities (cytochromeP450s (CYP)), physiological and environmental factors.

Objective: The main objective of this review is to deeply discuss the role of biotransformation in the occurrence of antidepressant and anticonvulsant induced inter individual variabilities with the focus on genetic variations and drug interactions.

Determination of Mirtazapine and Desmethyl Mirtazapine in Human Plasma by a New Validated HPLC Ultraviolet Method with a Simple and Reliable Extraction Method: Application to Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Study by 62 Real Patient Plasma.

Determination of mirtazapine (MRP) during psychopharmacotherapy in biological fluids is essential to achieve successful therapy, to avoid toxicity related to drug interactions, genetic variability, and poor compliance. A new, rapid, and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography method has been developed in human plasma for the determination of MRP and -desmethylmirtazapine (NDM) that is an active metabolite. The separation was achieved on a reverse-phase C18 250 x 4.

The role of COMT polymorphism in modulation of prefrontal activity during verbal fluency in bipolar disorder.

Objective: Verbal fluency (VF) impairment is a strong predictor of social functioning in bipolar disorder (BPD). The enzyme catechol-O- methyltransferase (COMT) has a critical role in cognitive responses by modulating dopaminergic activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Here, we investigated the role of COMT polymorphism (i) in VF performance as well as (ii) in modulation of PFC activity during a VF-task in euthymic BPD patients.

The relationship between plasma levels of clozapine and N-desmethyclozapine as well as M1 receptor polymorphism with cognitive functioning and associated cortical activity in schizophrenia.

Studies that examined the effect of clozapine on cognitive functions in schizophrenia provided contradictory results. N-desmethylclozapine (NDMC) is the major metabolite of clozapine and have procognitive effects via agonistic activity in the M1 cholinergic receptors. The rs2067477 polymorphism in the M1 receptors may play role in cognitive profile in schizophrenia.

The Association of and Polymorphisms on Mirtazapine Plasma Level in Subjects with Major Depressive Disorder and Anxiety Disorders.

Aims And Objective: The plasma level of mirtazapine (MIR) varies between individuals primarily depending on the differences in metabolism during pharmacotherapy. CYP2D6 takes the role as a major enzyme in MIR metabolism and POR enzyme donates an electron to CYP2D6 for its activity. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the genes encoding pharmacokinetic enzymes may cause changes in enzyme activity, leading to differences in metabolism of the drug.

Association between serotonin 2A receptor (HTR2A), serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene polymorphisms and citalopram/sertraline induced sexual dysfunction in MDD patients.

Sexual dysfunction (SD) is a troublesome adverse effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). A variety of mechanisms might be involved in the occurrence of SD but the exact mechanism is still not clear. Genetic variations among patients treated with SSRIs are strong determinants of intolerance and poor compliance.

A Novel PCR-RFLP Method for Detection of POR*28 Polymorphism and its Genotype/Allele Frequencies in a Turkish Population.

Background: The Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are involved in the metabolism of many endogenous and exogenous substances. They need electrons for their activity. CYP mediated oxidation reactions require cytochrome oxidoreductase (POR) as an electron donor.

The relationship between the serotonin 2A receptor gene -1438A/G and 102T/C polymorphisms and citalopram/sertraline-induced nausea in major depressed patients.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between the polymorphisms of -1438A/G and 102T/C in the 5-HT2A receptor (HTR2A) gene and nausea/vomiting as a side effect induced by sertraline (SERT) or citalopram (CIT) in patients with major depressive disorder.

Methods: A total of 128 patients were enrolled, 63 patients received CIT, whereas 65 patients were treated with SERT. Nausea/vomiting were assessed with the UKU Side-effects Rating Scale at baseline and at the end of the second and fourth weeks.

Genotype and Allele Frequency of in Turkish Patients with Major Depressive Disorder.

Objectives: Genetic polymorphisms may help for individualized drug dosing and improved therapeutics. CYP3A4 is responsible for the metabolism of more than 50% of the commonly used drugs and metabolizes typical antipsychotic medications and antidepressant drugs. The objective of the study was to assess the genotype and allele frequencies of in Turkish patients with major depressive disorder receiving any SSRIs and to compare these results with the frequencies of other ethnic groups.

Influence of CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 polymorphisms on sertraline metabolism in major depression patients.

Background: Genetic polymorphisms in CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 may cause variability in the metabolism of sertraline, a widely used antidepressant in major depressive disorder treatment.

Objective: This study investigates the impact of CYP2B6*4 (785A > G), CYP2B6*9 (516G > T), CYP2B6*6 (516G > T + 685G > A) CYP2C19*2 (685G > A), CYP2C19*17 (-3402C > T) polymorphisms on plasma concentrations of sertraline and N-desmethyl sertraline in major depression patients treated with sertraline [n = 50].

Setting: Participants were patients who admitted to an adult psychiatry outpatient unit at a university hospital.

The impact of CYP2C19 polymorphisms on citalopram metabolism in patients with major depressive disorder.

What Is Known And Objective: Genetic variations in drug-metabolizing enzyme genes change drug pharmacokinetics and response. CYP2C19 is a clinically important enzyme that metabolizes citalopram (CIT). The objective of this study was to determine CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms and to evaluate the impact of these polymorphisms on the metabolism of citalopram in a sample of the Turkish population.

Allele and genotype frequencies of CYP2B6 in a Turkish population.

Increasing interest in cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) genetic polymorphism was stimulated by revelations of a specific CYP2B6 genotype significantly affecting the metabolism of various drugs in common clinical use in terms of increasing drug efficacy and avoiding adverse drug reactions. The present study aimed to determine the frequencies of CYP2B6*4 CYP2B6*5, CYP2B6*6, CYP2B6*7 and CYP2B6*9 alleles in healthy Turkish individuals (n = 172). Frequencies of three single nucleotide polymorphisms were 516G>T (28%), 785A>G (33%), and 1459C>T (12%).

Cytogenetic damage in Turkish coke oven workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Association with CYP1A1, CYP1B1, EPHX1, GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms.

The aim of this study was to determine the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations (CA) and cytochalasin-blocked micronuclei (CBMN) in peripheral blood lymphocytes from Turkish coke oven workers and the influence of CYP1A1, CYP1B1, EPHX1, GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms on these biomarkers. Cytogenetic analysis showed that occupational exposure significantly increased the CA and CBMN frequencies. Gene polymorphisms, on the other hand, did not affect CA or CBMN in either exposed or control subjects.

CAT C-262T and GPX1 Pro198Leu polymorphisms in a Turkish population.

Oxidative stress is believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of considerable number of complex diseases. The antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) are important components of cell defense against oxidative stress, and polymorphisms in the genes which regulate their expression may contribute to differences in susceptibility of individuals to oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species. The aim of this study was to assess the distribution of CAT C-262T and GPX1 Pro198Leu genotypic variants in a Turkish population.

Association of cytokine gene polymorphisms in CWP and its severity in Turkish coal workers.

Background: Cytokines appear to play a key role in some inflammatory reactions affecting the interactions among pro- and anti-inflammatory mechanisms that result in several diseases such as coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP). In this study, to determine the cytokine gene profiles of Turkish coal miners, we performed genotyping analysis to investigate the polymorphisms of CWP-related pro-inflammatory (TNFA, IL1A, IL1B, and IL6) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1RN and TGFB1). An additional goal was to observe whether these cytokine gene polymorphisms influence the development risk and severity of.

The role of GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms in head and neck cancer risk.

Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a serious health problem worldwide and tobacco smoke is a main causative factor for this malignancy. Interindividual genetic differences in enzymes involved in the metabolism of tobacco smoke carcinogens are one of the most important risk factors in the development of HNC. GSTM1 and GSTT1 enzymes participate in detoxifying of tobacco smoke carcinogens and have deletion polymorphisms.

Polymorphisms of microsomal epoxide hydrolase and glutathione S-transferase P1 in a male Turkish population.

Polymorphic genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes may account for interindividual differences in certain types of diseases especially cancer. In this study, microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EPHX1) and glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) gene polymorphisms were determined among 133 healthy males of a Turkish population. Frequencies of EPHX1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms were determined by using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR/RFLP) method.