Online teaching and learning of a pharmacy curriculum designed for active learning and professional skills development - A report of students' perceptions and learning experience in two international campuses.

Background And Purpose: Pharmacy students' perception of the effectiveness of remote online learning experienced during the pandemic, and their learning expectations post-pandemic were unknown. The main purpose of this study was to examine students' perceived effectiveness of online teaching and learning activities developed for active learning and pharmacy professional skills development, and the feasibility of online assessments.

Educational Activity And Setting: A cross-sectional online survey involving second-year pharmacy students of Monash Malaysia (MA) and Monash Australia (PA) campuses was conducted.

Phospholipid-based self-assembled mesophase systems for light-activated drug delivery.

The manipulation of the structure of phospholipid-based mesophases to induce a slow to fast drug release profile has potential for use in therapeutic situations where continuous absorption of drug is not desirable and reduce the frequency of injection for short acting or rapidly cleared drugs in treatments for diseases such as macular degeneration. This study had two aims; firstly to confirm the phase behaviour of 20 mol% cholesterol in 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (POPE), which was previously reported to transition from lamellar (slow release) to bicontinuous cubic (fast release) phase with increasing temperature. Contrary to the literature, no bicontinuous cubic phase was observed but a transition to the inverse hexagonal phase occurred at all POPE : cholesterol ratios investigated.

The mesenteric lymph duct cannulated rat model: application to the assessment of intestinal lymphatic drug transport.

The intestinal lymphatic system plays key roles in fluid transport, lipid absorption and immune function. Lymph flows directly from the small intestine via a series of lymphatic vessels and nodes that converge at the superior mesenteric lymph duct. Cannulation of the mesenteric lymph duct thus enables the collection of mesenteric lymph flowing from the intestine.

PEGylated interferon displays differences in plasma clearance and bioavailability between male and female mice and between female immunocompetent C57Bl/6J and athymic nude mice.

Gender and immune status can considerably impact on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of macromolecular and small molecule drugs. However, these effects are often not considered in drug development. We aimed to quantitatively evaluate effects of gender and immune status on the PK of PEGylated interferon in frequently used murine models.

Practical lessons in murine thoracic lymph duct cannulations: observations in female and male mice across four different strains that impact on "cannulatability".

Cannulation of the thoracic lymph duct in experimental animals allows direct measurement of the lymphatic exposure of lymph-targeted drugs. When coupled with recent advances in genetically modified and diseased mouse models, this presents further opportunities to define changes in biological processes and disease in response to drug treatment. Although cannulation of the thoracic lymph duct in mice is inherently challenging because of the small size and delicate nature of the duct, it can be further confounded by anatomical variations between animals.

The influence of intestinal lymphatic transport on the systemic exposure and brain deposition of a novel highly lipophilic compound with structural similarity to cholesterol.

Objectives: To assess the role of intestinal lymphatic transport in the oral bioavailability and brain deposition of a highly lipophilic, centrally acting drug candidate (Org 49209) in comparison to cholesterol, a close structural analogue.

Methods: The intestinal lymphatic transport of Org 49209 and cholesterol was assessed in lymph-cannulated anaesthetised rats and total bioavailability evaluated in non-lymph-cannulated animals. Parallel groups were employed to examine the brain deposition of Org 49209 after intraduodenal and intraperitoneal administrations.

The impact of lymphatic transport on the systemic disposition of lipophilic drugs.

This work investigates the influence of drug absorption route (intestinal lymphatics vs. blood supply) on drug pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution. To achieve this aim, the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of model compounds [1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane, DDT; halofantrine] and lipids were assessed following intravenous delivery in lymph lipoproteins or plasma, and were found to differ significantly.

A mouse model to evaluate the impact of species, sex, and lipid load on lymphatic drug transport.

Purpose: To establish a lymph-cannulated mouse model, and use the model to investigate the impact of lipid dose on exogenous and endogenous lipid recruitment, and drug transport, into the lymph of males versus females. Finally, lymphatic transport and drug absorption in the mouse were compared to other pre-clinical models (rats/dogs).

Methods: Animals were orally or intraduodenally administered 1.

Intravenous dosing conditions may affect systemic clearance for highly lipophilic drugs: implications for lymphatic transport and absolute bioavailability studies.

The clearance (Cl) and volume of distribution (V(ss)) of a lipophilic, lymphatically transported drug, halofantrine (Hf) have been evaluated after intravenous delivery to the systemic circulation in ex vivo lymph and plasma, and compared with the data obtained after administration of a lipid-based emulsion and a lipid-free cosolvent formulation. Systemic Cl and V(ss) were significantly lower (approximately twofold) after delivery of Hf in lymph or the emulsion when compared with the administration in plasma or the cosolvent formulation. Preadministration of drug-free lymph, immediately before administration of drug in plasma, however, resulted in plasma profiles consistent with that obtained after administration of drug in lymph/emulsion.

Oral bioavailability assessment and intestinal lymphatic transport of Org 45697 and Org 46035, two highly lipophilic novel immunomodulator analogues.

Org 45697 (MW 600.7, clogP 7.92, soybean oil solubility 50 mg/g) and Org 46035 (MW 601.