The discovery of the lymphatic system in the 17th century. Part VII: the rise of vascular injection.

In the second half of the seventeenth century, vascular injection was introduced in anatomy for the study of the mechanism of secretion of bodily fluids, a phenomenon into which the lymphatic system plays an important role. Injection became a routine procedure in the second half of the seventeenth century. Reinier de Graaf developed an appropriate syringe to inject liquid into minuscule tubules.

The discovery of the lymphatic system in the seventeenth century. Part VI: the microscopic discovery of the subtle anatomy.

The discovery of chyle and lymph vessels had furthered the dream of understanding the body's structure and functions. Initially it was thought that chyle was sucked from the intestines through the open mouths of chyle vessels, and that lymph vessels were side branches of arterial end branches. In the second half of the 17th century, microscopy became an adjuvant for research into the subtle anatomy of the lymphatic system.

The discovery of the lymphatic system in the seventeenth century. Part V: an ode to the nerves.

The English anatomists Francis Glisson and Thomas Wharton introduced theories on the use of recently discovered lymphatic system in the1650s. Their main idea was that membranous tissues were supplied by nerves with a vital fluid produced within nutritive glands, to be carried to the brain and thence from the brain to all membranous tissues, including glands. They stated that the distribution of the vital fluid was based on the similarity between its ingredients and the needs of the recipient tissues, and not on the weight, size or location of pores encountered, as maintained by Descartes.

Victimization of the Substance Abuse and Sexual Behaviors among Junior High School Students in Cambodia.

Background: We examined the current prevalence of substance abuse and sexual behaviors among junior high school students and the relationships between substance abuse, sexual behaviors, and victimization using multiple mediations.

Methods: Overall, 1703 junior high school students from the 2013 Cambodia Global School-based Health Survey were selected for the study. The descriptive statistics were performed in IBM SPSS to determine the prevalence of substance abuse, sexual behaviors, and victimization.

The associated risk factors for underweight and overweight high school students in Cambodia.

Purpose: Overweight and underweight are one of the leading risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), but little research on this area has been undertaken in Cambodia. Therefore, this study aimed to measure underweight and overweight and their associated risk behaviors among Cambodian high school students.

Methods: 3806 students (mean ag = 15.

The discovery of the lymphatic system in the seventeenth century. Part IV: the controversy.

A controversy over the transport of chyle and lymph started a few weeks after the publication of Pecquet's Experimenta Nova Anatomica. There are records of nearly seventy people who had an active interest in this matter. Three issues were discussed: the purpose of the liver and especially its haematopoietic function, the capacity of the thoracic duct to transport all chyle, and the purpose of the lymph vessels.

The discovery of the lymphatics in the seventeenth century. Part iii: the dethroning of the liver.

Around 1650, the thoracic chyle duct and the serous lymph vessels were discovered nearly simultaneously in four different places on the European continent. The new theory was that all ingested fluid, digested food, and serous lymph liquid were drained towards the subclavian veins, and then to the heart where they was mixed with and transformed into blood, which had been the supposed function of the liver. None of the discoverers proposed a valuable alternative function for the liver.

The discovery of the lymphatic system in the seventeenth century. Part II: the discovery of Chyle vessels.

In the seventeenth century, opportunities to discover chyle came about through the revival of vivisection. Gaspare Aselli discovered chyle vessels in a living well-fed dog in 1622. He introduced the term 'lacteals' or milky veins.

The discovery of lymphatic system in the seventeenth century. Part I: the early history.

The early history of lymphatic anatomy from Hippocrates (ca. 460-377 B.C.

Unexpected products of the hypochlorous acid-induced oxidation of oleic acid: A study using high performance thin-layer chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important physiological roles and are of particular relevance in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. At inflammatory conditions, the enzyme myeloperoxidase generates hypochlorous acid (HOCl) which adds to the double bonds of fatty acyl residues of (phospho)lipids under the formation of chlorohydrins. This may lead to the development of many inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis or arthritis, if the ROS generation exceeds a certain extent.

Carotid Bifurcation Resection and Interposition of a Polytetrafluorethylene Graft (BRIG) for Carotid Disease: A Retrospective Study of 153 Consecutive Procedures.

Background: Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is the gold standard for treatment of carotid artery stenosis. CEA can be challenging, even technically impossible. Prosthetic carotid bypass grafting is a proven and safe alternative when CEA is hazardous.

Spinal cord stimulation. New regulation of national health insurance.

Since January 1, 2008, the Belgian national health insurance (INAMI/RIZIV) edited a new agreement for the prolongation of the pilot-study on spinal cord stimulation for chronic critical unreconstructable lower limb ischemia. After a short introduction and a summary of the results of the initial Belgian pilot study (2000-2005) on spinal cord stimulation, the official new text is now published in both languages.

Analysis of renal cell carcinoma with subdiaphragmatic macroscopic venous invasion (T3b).

Objective: To review our institutional experience of surgery for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with subdiaphragmatic macroscopic venous invasion (T3b) and to assess variables associated with cancer-specific survival (CSS), as the stratification of RCC with venous involvement (T3b and T3c) is subject to debate.

Patients And Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the hospital records of patients who underwent a radical nephrectomy with resection of subdiaphragmatic tumour thrombus (T T) between October 1990 and May 2006. The log-rank and Cox uni- and multivariate regression analysis were used to evaluate predictive factors for CSS.

Fibre-supplemented tube feeding in the hospitalised elderly.

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of fibre supplementation in enteral feeding on bowel function in hospitalised geriatric patients, and to assess its metabolic and nutritional efficiency.

Design: Prospective randomised controlled trial with stratification for diabetes.

Setting: Department of Geriatrics at the University of Antwerp.

The value of dipyridamole thallium scintigraphy and dobutamine stress echocardiography as predictors of cardiac complications following reconstruction of the abdominal aorta.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of dipyridamole thallium scintigraphy and dobutamine stress echocardiography to predict cardiac complications following elective reconstruction of the abdominal aorta in patients with a stable preoperative cardiac condition and to compare this with information obtained from the medical history, ECG and resting echocardiography alone.

Methods: This evaluation was performed from January 1993 until December 1995 as part of a prospective, randomised study in 200 patients, with a mean age of 65 (5% women). Dipyridamole thallium scintigraphy was performed on 195 patients and dobutamine stress echocardiography was added to the protocol in the last 83 patients.

The role of polyester patch angioplasty in carotid endarterectomy: a multicenter study.

The objectives of this study were to examine the morphology, restenosis, dilatation, and possible complications of polyester collagen impregnated carotid patches. Between March 1994 and January 1995, 207 patients (56 females and 151 males) undergoing 221 carotid endarterectomies (CE) with a collagen-impregnated knitted polyester patch were enrolled in a European prospective multicenter study. Patches were used for arteries deemed to be smaller than usual by visual inspection.