Nat Immunol
March 2025
Mucosal antigen-specific T cells are pivotal for pathogen clearance and immune modulation in respiratory infections. Dysregulated T cell responses exacerbate coronavirus disease 2019 severity, marked by cytokine storms and respiratory failure. Despite extensive description in peripheral blood, the characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific T cells in the lungs remain elusive.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFHuman coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) and NL63 (HCoV-NL63) are endemic causes of upper respiratory infections such as the "common cold" but may occasionally cause severe lower respiratory tract disease in the elderly and immunocompromised patients. There are no approved antiviral drugs or vaccines for these common cold coronaviruses (CCCoV). The recent emergence of COVID-19 and the possible cross-reactive antibody and T cell responses between these CCCoV and SARS-CoV-2 emphasize the need to develop experimental animal models for CCCoV.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCharacterizing the serologic features of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection is imperative to improve diagnostics and control of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. In this study, we evaluated the antibody profiles in 272 plasma samples collected from 59 COVID-19 patients, consisting of 18 asymptomatic patients, 33 mildly ill patients and 8 severely ill patients. We measured the IgG against five viral structural proteins, different isotypes of immunoglobulins against the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) protein, and neutralizing antibodies.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPhenolation is a commonly used method to improve the reactivity of lignin for various applications. In this study, resinol lignin models (syringaresinol and pinoresinol) and eucalyptus alkali lignin were treated under acid-catalyzed phenolation conditions to investigate the products derived from resinol (β-β) structures of lignins. The phenolation products were characterized by means of GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy following separation using flash chromatography and thin-layer chromatography.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSoda process is one of the most important pulping processes in paper industry producing large quantities of alkali lignins that can afford plenty of biofuels, aromatic chemicals and materials. However, the structural and size-related heterogeneities and complexities hinder the development in these directions. Herein, we report new insights into the structure of alkali lignin, through investigating the formation and transformation of enol ether and arylglycerol structures that are significant responsible for the structural transformation from native lignin to alkali lignin.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPolymers (Basel)
January 2020
γ-valerolactone (GVL)/HO/acid solvent mixtures has been used in chemical pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass, it was claimed that GVL lignins were structurally close to proto (native) lignins, or having low molecular weight with narrow polydispersity, however, the structural changes of GVL lignins have not been investigated. In this study, β-O-4 (β-aryl ether, ), β-5 (phenylcoumaran), and β-β (resinol) lignin model compounds were treated by an acidic GVL-HO solvent system, a promising pretreatment of lignocellulose for biomass utilization, to investigate the structural changes possibly related to the lignin involved. NMR characterization of the products isolated from the treated indicated that a phenyl dihydrobenzofuran, having typical C-H correlations at δ/δ 50.
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