Triarylamine-Functionalized Imidazolyl-Capped Bithiophene Hole Transporting Material for Cost-Effective Perovskite Solar Cells.

Triarylamine end-capped-functionalized arylene-imidazole derivatives were synthesized from readily accessible, inexpensive precursors and employed as hole transporting materials (HTMs) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). All the HTMs displayed high thermal decomposition temperatures (>410 °C), which is beneficial for realizing stable PSC devices. In addition, the new HTMs show appropriate energy level alignment with the perovskite layer, ensuring efficient hole transfer from perovskites to HTMs.

Revealing Weak Dimensional Confinement Effects in Excitonic Silver/Bismuth Double Perovskites.

Lead-free perovskites are attracting increasing interest as nontoxic materials for advanced optoelectronic applications. Here, we report on a family of silver/bismuth bromide double perovskites with lower dimensionality obtained by incorporating phenethylammonium (PEA) as an organic spacer, leading to the realization of two-dimensional double perovskites in the form of (PEA)AgBiBr ( = 1) and the first reported (PEA)CsAgBiBr ( = 2). In contrast to the situation prevailing in lead halide perovskites, we find a rather weak influence of electronic and dielectric confinement on the photophysics of the lead-free double perovskites, with both the 3D CsAgBiBr and the 2D = 1 and = 2 materials being dominated by strong excitonic effects.

Mechanistic Insights into the Role of the Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide Ion in Coevaporated p-i-n Perovskite Solar Cells.

Hybrid lead halide perovskites have reached comparable efficiencies to state-of-the-art silicon solar cell technologies. However, a remaining key challenge toward commercialization is the resolution of the perovskite device instability. In this work, we identify for the first time the mobile nature of bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI), a typical anion extensively employed in p-type dopants for 2,2'7,7'-tetrakis(,-di--methoxyphenylamine)-9,9'spirofluorene (spiro-OMeTAD).

Reduction of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE) after Bariatric Surgery in Patients with Obesity and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide and obesity is a major risk factor that increases the morbidity and mortality of CVDs. Lifestyle modifications (e.g.

Cut from the Same Cloth: Enamine-Derived Spirobifluorenes as Hole Transporters for Perovskite Solar Cells.

To attain commercial viability, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have to be reasonably priced, highly efficient, and stable for a long period of time. Although a new record of a certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) value over 25% was achieved, PSC performance is limited by the lack of hole-transporting materials (HTMs), which extract positive charges from the light-absorbing perovskite layer and carry them to the electrode. Here, we report spirobifluorene-based HTMs with finely tuned energy levels, high glass-transition temperature, and excellent charge mobility and conductivity enabled by molecularly engineered enamine arms.

Two-Step Thermal Annealing: An Effective Route for 15 % Efficient Quasi-2D Perovskite Solar Cells.

Invited for this month's cover are collaborators from University of Pavia, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, University of Messina and Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia. The cover picture shows the crystal structure of a Ruddlesden-Popper quasi-2D perovskite with chemical formula (PEA) MA Pb I (with PEA: phenylethylammonium and MA: methylammonium). The subscript 40 indicates the number of PbI octahedra separated by a double layer of PEA cations.

Stable Perovskite Solar Cells Using Molecularly Engineered Functionalized Oligothiophenes as Low-Cost Hole-Transporting Materials.

Triarylamine-substituted bithiophene (BT-4D), terthiophene (TT-4D), and quarterthiophene (QT-4D) small molecules are synthesized and used as low-cost hole-transporting materials (HTMs) for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The optoelectronic, electrochemical, and thermal properties of the compounds are investigated systematically. The BT-4D, TT-4D, and QT-4D compounds exhibit thermal decomposition temperature over 400 °C.

Two-Step Thermal Annealing: An Effective Route for 15 % Efficient Quasi-2D Perovskite Solar Cells.

Low-dimensional perovskites (LDP) are nowadays recognized as promising materials for the realization of highly performing photovoltaic cells. However, issues related to film morphology, composition, crystal quality and material homogeneity limit the device performances and reproducibility. In this work, we implement a robust method for the deposition of a LDP mixing methylammonium (MA) and phenylethylammonium (PEA) cations to create the mixed system (PEA) MA Pb I by using a two-step thermal annealing treatment (at 60 and 100 °C).

Co-evaporation as an optimal technique towards compact methylammonium bismuth iodide layers.

The most studied perovskite-based solar cells reported up to date contain the toxic lead in its composition. Photovoltaic research and development towards non-toxic, lead-free perovskite solar cells are critical to finding alternatives to reduce human health concerns associated with them. Bismuth-based perovskite variants, especially in the form of methylammonium bismuth iodide (MBI), is a good candidate for the non-toxic light absorber.

In Situ Analysis Reveals the Role of 2D Perovskite in Preventing Thermal-Induced Degradation in 2D/3D Perovskite Interfaces.

Engineering 2D/3D perovskite interfaces is a common route to realizing efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Whereas 2D perovskite's main function in trap passivation has been identified and is confirmed here, little is known about its 2D/3D interface properties under thermal stress, despite being one of the main factors that induces device instability. In this work, we monitor the response of two typical 2D/3D interfaces under a thermal cycle by X-ray scattering.

Doped but Stable: Spirobisacridine Hole Transporting Materials for Hysteresis-Free and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells.

Four spirobisacridine (SBA) hole-transporting materials were synthesized and employed in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The molecules bear electronically inert alkyl chains of different length and bulkiness, attached to in-plane N atoms of nearly orthogonal spiro-connected acridines. Di--methoxyphenylamine (DMPA) substituents tailored to the central SBA-platform define electronic properties of the materials mimicking the structure of the benchmark 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(,-di-4-methoxyphenylamino)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (spiro-MeOTAD), while the alkyl pending groups affect molecular packing in thin films and affect the long-term performance of PSCs.

MGIS: managing banana (Musa spp.) genetic resources information and high-throughput genotyping data.

https://www.crop-diversity.org/mgis/.

Global respiratory syncytial virus-associated mortality in young children (RSV GOLD): a retrospective case series.

Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is an important cause of pneumonia mortality in young children. However, clinical data for fatal RSV infection are scarce. We aimed to identify clinical and socioeconomic characteristics of children aged younger than 5 years with RSV-related mortality using individual patient data.

Oxasmaragdyrins as New and Efficient Hole-Transporting Materials for High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells.

The high performance of the perovskite solar cells (PSCs) cannot be achieved without a layer of efficient hole-transporting materials (HTMs) to retard the charge recombination and transport the photogenerated hole to the counterelectrode. Herein, we report the use of boryl oxasmaragdyrins (SM01, SM09, and SM13), a family of aromatic core-modified expanded porphyrins, as efficient hole-transporting materials (HTMs) for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). These oxasmaragdyrins demonstrated complementary absorption spectra in the low-energy region, good redox reversibility, good thermal stability, suitable energy levels with CHNHPbI perovskite, and high hole mobility.

Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2015: a systematic review and modelling study.

Background: We have previously estimated that respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was associated with 22% of all episodes of (severe) acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) resulting in 55 000 to 199 000 deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2005. In the past 5 years, major research activity on RSV has yielded substantial new data from developing countries. With a considerably expanded dataset from a large international collaboration, we aimed to estimate the global incidence, hospital admission rate, and mortality from RSV-ALRI episodes in young children in 2015.

Anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and apoptosis-inducing activity of DLBS1442, a bioactive fraction of Phaleria macrocarpa, in a RL95-2 cell line as a molecular model of endometriosis.

DLBS1442 is a bioactive fraction extracted from the fruit of the native Indonesian plant, Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl (Thymelaceae). This bioactive fraction is a potential treatment for dysmenorrhea and endometriosis.

Global burden of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: The global burden of disease attributable to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remains unknown. We aimed to estimate the global incidence of and mortality from episodes of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) due to RSV in children younger than 5 years in 2005.

Methods: We estimated the incidence of RSV-associated ALRI in children younger than 5 years, stratified by age, using data from a systematic review of studies published between January, 1995, and June, 2009, and ten unpublished population-based studies.

The use of high-resolution digital imaging technology for small diameter K-file length determination in endodontics.

To assess the reliability of high resolution intra-oral photostimulable storage phosphor (PSP) and complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) imaging systems for working length (WL) assessment of small K-files in narrow and curved root canals. Eleven narrow and curved canals from extracted molars were used as pre-test for sample-size calculation. Nineteen canals from four cadavers were used for endodontic length assessment in the final study.

Vaccine-preventable haemophilus influenza type B disease burden and cost-effectiveness of infant vaccination in Indonesia.

Background: Most of Asia, including Indonesia, does not use Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccines. We estimated total vaccine-preventable disease burden and the cost-effectiveness of Hib conjugate vaccine in Indonesia.

Methods: Hib pneumonia and meningitis incidences for children with access to health care were derived from a randomized vaccine probe study on Lombok Island, Indonesia during 1998-2002.

Climatic, temporal, and geographic characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus disease in a tropical island population.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of morbidity in children worldwide, although data from equatorial regions are limited. We analysed climatic, spatial, and temporal data for children presenting to hospitals in Lombok island, Indonesia with clinical pneumonia. During the study period, 2878 children presented and 741 RSV cases were identified.

Implementing the birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine in rural Indonesia.

Reaching mothers and their newborn infants around the time of birth with adequate health services has long been a difficult problem in developing countries. In parallel, similar problems have arisen in attempting to deliver hepatitis B (HepB) vaccine to infants born at home in many countries where mother-to-infant transmission is common. It is logical, and supported by experience in Indonesia, to find a combined solution for both problems.

Incidences of vaccine-preventable Haemophilus influenzae type b pneumonia and meningitis in Indonesian children: hamlet-randomised vaccine-probe trial.

Background: Most studies of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease in Asia have found low rates, and few Asian countries use Hib vaccine in routine immunisation programmes. Whether Hib disease truly is rare or whether many cases remain undetected is unclear.

Methods: To estimate incidences of vaccine-preventable Hib pneumonia and meningitis among children younger than 2 years in Lombok, Indonesia, during 1998-2002, we undertook a hamlet-randomised, controlled, double-blind vaccine-probe study (818 hamlets).

Case fatality proportions and predictive factors for mortality among children hospitalized with severe pneumonia in a rural developing country setting.

Few large studies have evaluated risk factors for mortality among children hospitalized for pneumonia and this may contribute to suboptimal case management efficiency. To identify useful screening criteria for mortality among children hospitalized for pneumonia in a developing country setting, we conducted a population-based hospital cohort study among children less than 2 years of age admitted for pneumonia during 1999-2001 at one of three major hospitals on Lombok Island, Indonesia. Of 4351 children admitted for pneumonia, 12 per cent died before discharge.

Oxytocin in prefilled Uniject injection devices for managing third-stage labor in Indonesia.

We assessed the use and acceptability of an injection device (Uniject) prefilled with oxytocin, as part of active management of third-stage labor (AMTL) by Indonesian midwives attending home births. We interviewed 140 village midwives (bidan di desa) and 2220 mothers whose deliveries they attended during the intervention period. We completed baseline and post-intervention assessments to determine their experiences and views of oxytocin Uniject use.

Incidence and clinical features of hospitalization because of respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory illness among children less than two years of age in a rural Asian setting.

Background: Lower respiratory illness is the leading cause of child death in the developing world. Despite this few reports on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) lower respiratory illness disease burden exist from rural areas of the developing world, and none exist for Indonesia.

Methods: We evaluated children living in any of 83 villages on Lombok Island, Indonesia who were <2 years of age when hospitalized for severe lower respiratory illness during 2000 and 2001.