Correlation between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic parameters in persons with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Background: There are limited studies investigating the association between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the region of Bihar, India.

Aim: To estimate the prevalence of NAFLD in persons with newly diagnosed T2DM in the population of North Bihar, India.

Methods: This single centre cross-sectional study was undertaken in the Research Centre for Diabetes Hypertension and Obesity, Samastipur, Bihar, India.

Quantitative collagen analysis using second harmonic generation images for the detection of basal cell carcinoma with ex vivo multiphoton microscopy.

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin cancer, and its incidence is rising. Millions of benign biopsies are performed annually for BCC diagnosis, increasing morbidity, and healthcare costs. Non-invasive in vivo technologies such as multiphoton microscopy (MPM) can aid in diagnosing BCC, reducing the need for biopsies.

COVID-19 management landscape: A need for an affordable platform to manufacture safe and efficacious biotherapeutics and prophylactics for the developing countries.

To gain world-wide control over COVID-19 pandemic, it is necessary to have affordable and accessible vaccine and monoclonal antibody technologies across the globe. In comparison to the western countries, Asian and African countries have less percentage of vaccination done which warrants urgent attention. Global manufacturer production capacities, dependency on advanced nations for the supply of vaccines or the raw material, national economy, limited research facilities, and logistics could be the factors.

Capacity Building for Vaccine Manufacturing Across Developing Countries: The Way Forward.

Approved vaccines prevent 2 to 3 million deaths per year. There is a lack of equitable access to vaccines in the low- and middle-income developing nations. Challenges in the life cycle of vaccine production include process development, lead time, intellectual property, and local vaccine production.

Facilitated self-assembly of a prevascularized dermal/epidermal collagen scaffold.

Resurfacing complex full thickness wounds requires free tissue transfer which creates donor site morbidity. We describe a method to fabricate a skin flap equivalent with a hierarchical microvascular network. We fabricated a flap of skin-like tissue containing a hierarchical vascular network by sacrificing Pluronic F127 macrofibers and interwoven microfibers within collagen encapsulating human pericytes and fibroblasts.

B7-H3 as a Prognostic Biomarker and Therapeutic Target in Pediatric central nervous system Tumors.

B7-H3 (CD276), a member of the B7 superfamily, is an important factor in downregulating immune responses against tumors. It is also aberrantly expressed in many human malignancies. Beyond immune regulatory roles, its overexpression has been linked to invasive metastatic potential and poor prognosis in patients with cancer.

Non-reversible tissue fixation retains extracellular vesicles for in situ imaging.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted nanosized particles with many biological functions and pathological associations. The inability to image EVs in fixed tissues has been a major limitation to understanding their role in healthy and diseased tissue microenvironments. Here, we show that crosslinking mammalian tissues with formaldehyde results in significant EV loss, which can be prevented by additional fixation with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) for visualization of EVs in a range of normal and cancer tissues.

Adipsin preserves beta cells in diabetic mice and associates with protection from type 2 diabetes in humans.

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and a gradual loss of pancreatic beta cell mass and function. Currently, there are no therapies proven to prevent beta cell loss and some, namely insulin secretagogues, have been linked to accelerated beta cell failure, thereby limiting their use in type 2 diabetes. The adipokine adipsin/complement factor D controls the alternative complement pathway and generation of complement component C3a, which acts to augment beta cell insulin secretion.

Supplemental estrogen and caloric restriction reduce obesity-induced periprostatic white adipose inflammation in mice.

Obesity is associated with an increased incidence of high-grade prostate cancer (PC) and worse prognosis for PC patients. Recently, we showed in men that obesity-related periprostatic white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation, characterized by macrophages surrounding dead or dying adipocytes forming crown-like structures, was associated with high-grade PC. Possibly, interventions that suppress periprostatic WAT inflammation will improve outcomes for men with PC.

Selenium Drives a Transcriptional Adaptive Program to Block Ferroptosis and Treat Stroke.

Ferroptosis, a non-apoptotic form of programmed cell death, is triggered by oxidative stress in cancer, heat stress in plants, and hemorrhagic stroke. A homeostatic transcriptional response to ferroptotic stimuli is unknown. We show that neurons respond to ferroptotic stimuli by induction of selenoproteins, including antioxidant glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4).

Exploring Multiphoton Microscopy as a Novel Tool to Differentiate Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma From Oncocytoma in Fixed Tissue Sections.

Context: - Distinguishing chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (chRCC), especially in the presence of eosinophilic cytoplasm, from oncocytoma on hematoxylin-eosin can be difficult and often requires time-consuming ancillary procedures that ultimately may not be informative.

Objective: - To explore the potential of multiphoton microscopy (MPM) as an alternative and rapid diagnostic tool in differentiating oncocytoma from chRCC at subcellular resolution without tissue processing.

Design: - Unstained, deparaffinized tissue sections from 27 tumors (oncocytoma [n = 12], chRCC [n = 12], eosinophilic variant of chRCC [n = 1], and atypical oncocytic renal neoplasm [n = 2]) were imaged with MPM.

Multifunctional in vivo imaging of pancreatic islets during diabetes development.

Pancreatic islet dysfunction leading to insufficient glucose-stimulated insulin secretion triggers the clinical onset of diabetes. How islet dysfunction develops is not well understood at the cellular level, partly owing to the lack of approaches to study single islets longitudinally in vivo Here, we present a noninvasive, high-resolution system to quantitatively image real-time glucose metabolism from single islets in vivo, currently not available with any other method. In addition, this multifunctional system simultaneously reports islet function, proliferation, vasculature and macrophage infiltration in vivo from the same set of images.

Fabrication of capillary-like structures with Pluronic F127® and Kerria lacca resin (shellac) in biocompatible tissue-engineered constructs.

The fabrication of large cellular tissue-engineered constructs is currently limited by an inability to manufacture internal vasculature that can be anastomosed to the host circulatory system. Creation of synthetic tissues with microvascular networks that adequately mimic the size and density of in vivo capillaries remains one of the foremost challenges within tissue engineering, as cells must reside within 200-300 μm of vasculature for long-term survival. In our previous work, we used a sacrificial microfibre technique whereby Pluronic® F127 fibres were embedded and then sacrificed within a collagen matrix, leaving behind a patent channel, which was subsequently seeded with endothelial and smooth muscle cells, forming a neointima and neomedia.

Rapid evaluation of fresh ex vivo kidney tissue with full-field optical coherence tomography.

Background: Full-field optical coherence tomography (FFOCT) is a real-time imaging technique that rapidly generates images reminiscent of histology without any tissue processing, warranting its exploration for evaluation of ex vivo kidney tissue.

Methods: Fresh tissue sections from tumor and adjacent nonneoplastic kidney (n = 25 nephrectomy specimens; clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) = 12, papillary RCC (PRCC) = 4, chromophobe RCC (ChRCC) = 4, papillary urothelial carcinoma (PUC) = 1, angiomyolipoma (AML) = 2 and cystic nephroma = 2) were imaged with a commercial FFOCT device. Sections were submitted for routine histopathological diagnosis.

Multiphoton microscopy for rapid histopathological evaluation of kidney tumours.

Objective: To explore the potential of multiphoton microscopy (MPM) for rapid evaluation and triaging of ex vivo kidney tissue.

Materials And Methods: Fresh neoplastic and non-neoplastic tissues from nephrectomy specimens (n = 40) were imaged with MPM and later submitted for routine histopathology.

Results: On MPM, normal kidney architecture was evident and clearly distinguishable from tumour.

Multiphoton microscopy: a potential intraoperative tool for the detection of carcinoma in situ in human bladder.

Context: Urothelial carcinoma in situ (CIS) is a precursor of invasive bladder cancer, which if left untreated, will likely progress to more aggressive disease. Approximately 50% of CIS lesions are missed on routine cystoscopy owing to their flat architecture. Furthermore, many benign but abnormal-appearing areas may be biopsied owing to lack of cellular resolution of cystoscopes.

Real-time in vivo periprostatic nerve tracking using multiphoton microscopy in a rat survival surgery model: a promising pre-clinical study for enhanced nerve-sparing surgery.

Objectives: To assess the ability of multiphoton microscopy (MPM) to visualise, differentiate and track periprostatic nerves in an in vivo rat model, mimicking real-time imaging in humans during RP and to investigate the tissue toxicity and reproducibility of in vivo MPM on prostatic glands in the rat after imaging and final histological correlation study.

Materials And Methods: In vivo prostatic rat imaging was carried out using a custom-built bench-top MPM system generating real-time three-dimensional histological images, after performing survival surgery consisting of mini-laparotomies under xylazine/ketamine anaesthesia exteriorising the right prostatic lobe. The acquisition time and the depth of anaesthesia were adjusted for collecting multiple images in order to track the periprostatic nerves in real-time.

Genetic variations in colorectal cancer risk and clinical outcome.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) has an apparent hereditary component, as evidenced by the well-characterized genetic syndromes and family history associated with the increased risk of this disease. However, in a large fraction of CRC cases, no known genetic syndrome or family history can be identified, suggesting the presence of "missing heritability" in CRC etiology. The genome-wide association study (GWAS) platform has led to the identification of multiple replicable common genetic variants associated with CRC risk.

Full-field optical coherence tomography for the analysis of fresh unstained human lobectomy specimens.

Background: Full-field optical coherence tomography (FFOCT) is a real-time imaging technique that generates high-resolution three-dimensional tomographic images from unprocessed and unstained tissues. Lack of tissue processing and associated artifacts, along with the ability to generate large-field images quickly, warrants its exploration as an alternative diagnostic tool.

Materials And Methods: One section each from the tumor and from adjacent non-neoplastic tissue was collected from 13 human lobectomy specimens.

Multiphoton microscopy: a potential "optical biopsy" tool for real-time evaluation of lung tumors without the need for exogenous contrast agents.

Context: Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is an emerging, nonlinear, optical-biopsy technique, which can generate subcellular-resolution images from unprocessed and unstained tissue in real time.

Objective: To assess the potential of MPM for lung tumor diagnosis.

Design: Fresh sections from tumor and adjacent nonneoplastic lung were imaged with MPM and then compared with corresponding hematoxylin-eosin slides.

Photophysics of glycosylated derivatives of a chlorin, isobacteriochlorin and bacteriochlorin for photodynamic theragnostics: discovery of a two-photon-absorbing photosensitizer.

The photophysical properties of a chlorin, isobacteriochlorin and bacteriochlorin built on a core tetrapentafluorophenylporphyrin (TPPF20 ) and the nonhydrolyzable para thioglycosylated conjugates of these chromophores are presented. The photophysical characterization of these compounds was done in three different solvents to correlate with different environments in cells and tissues. Compared with TPPF20 other dyes have greater absorption in the red region of the visible spectrum and greater fluorescence quantum yields.

Microsurgical denervation of rat spermatic cord: safety and efficacy data.

Objective: To describe a microsurgical technique for denervation of the spermatic cord and use of multiphoton microscopy (MPM) laser to identify and ablate residual nerves after microsurgical denervation. To evaluate structural and functional changes in the rat testis and vas deferens after denervation.

Materials And Methods: Nine Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three experimental groups: sham, microsurgical denervation of the spermatic cord (MDSC), and MDSC immediately followed by laser ablation with MPM.

Multiphoton microscopy to identify and characterize the transition zone in a mouse model of Hirschsprung disease.

Background: The distribution of ganglion cells in the transition zone of Hirschsprung Disease (HD) colons is extremely variable. Determining the resection margin based on intraoperative biopsies may be imprecise. Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is a novel imaging technology with the ability to visualize tissues in real time.

Efficiency of immunotoxin cytotoxicity is modulated by the intracellular itinerary.

Pseudomonas exotoxin-based immunotoxins, including LMB-2 (antiTac(F(v))-PE38), are proposed to traffic to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and move by a retrograde pathway to the endoplasmic reticulum, where they undergo translocation to the cytoplasm, a step that is essential for cytotoxicity. The retrograde transport pathways used by LMB-2 are not completely understood, so it is unclear if transit through specific organelles is critical for maximal cytotoxic activity. In this study, we used Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines that express chimeric constructs of CD25, the Tac antigen, attached to the cytoplasmic domain of the TGN-targeted transmembrane proteins, TGN38 and furin.

Multiphoton tomographic imaging: a potential optical biopsy tool for detecting gastrointestinal inflammation and neoplasia.

Endoscopy is widely used to detect and remove premalignant lesions with the goal of preventing gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. Because current endoscopes do not provide cellular resolution, all suspicious lesions are biopsied and subjected to histologic evaluation. Technologies that facilitate directed biopsies should decrease both procedure-related morbidity and cost.