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Kidney stone disease is rapidly increasing with a strong relationship to metabolic syndrome. This review gives a brief overview of the current state and current treatment modalities. Increasing use of CT and ultrasound scans leads to increased diagnosis of asymptomatic kidney stones, which rarely require treatment.

Endoscopic observations as a tool to define underlying pathology in kidney stone formers.

Purpose: Advancements in endoscopy offer the possibility of inspection of intrarenal anatomy and pathology. The aim of the study was to evaluate renal papillary appearance in kidney stone formers and to correlate papillary findings with stone type and patient metabolic data.

Materials And Methods: A consecutive cohort of 46 kidney stone formers undergoing retrograde intrarenal surgery was enrolled.

Somatosensory and trophic findings in the referred pain area in patients with kidney stone disease.

Background and purpose Visceral and somatic afferents activate the same neuronal structures in the central nervous system. Assessing somatosensory function and trophic changes in the referred pain area may therefore indirectly increase information on mechanisms involved in painful visceral diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensory and trophic changes in the flank corresponding to the referred pain area in patients with kidney stone disease.

How should patients with cystine stone disease be evaluated and treated in the twenty-first century?

Cystinuria continues to be one of the most challenging stone diseases. During the latest decades our knowledge of the molecular basis of cystinuria has expanded. Today 160 different mutations in the SLC3A1 gene and 116 in the SLC7A9 gene are listed.

Pathophysiological aspects of ureterorenoscopic management of upper urinary tract calculi.

Purpose Of Review: Indications for ureterorenoscopy are expanding without hard scientific evidence to support its efficacy. Therefore, it is extremely important to focus on potential harmful effects of the procedure itself. This review explores how physiology of the upper urinary tract reacts to ureterorenoscopy, potentially translating into harmful effects, and how such pathophysiological processes may be minimized.

Internal Structure of Kidney Calculi as a Predictor for Shockwave Lithotripsy Success.

Introduction: The internal structure of renal calculi can be determined on CT using bone windows and may be classified as homogeneous or inhomogeneous with void regions. In vitro studies have shown homogeneous stones to be less responsive to extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (SWL). The objective was to evaluate whether the internal morphology of calculi defined by CT bone window influences SWL outcome in vivo.

Bosniak classification system: a prospective comparison of CT, contrast-enhanced US, and MR for categorizing complex renal cystic masses.

Background The Bosniak classification was originally based on computed tomographic (CT) findings. Magnetic resonance (MR) and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) imaging may demonstrate findings that are not depicted at CT, and there may not always be a clear correlation between the findings at MR and CEUS imaging and those at CT. Purpose To compare diagnostic accuracy of MR, CEUS, and CT when categorizing complex renal cystic masses according to the Bosniak classification.

Bosniak classification system: inter-observer and intra-observer agreement among experienced uroradiologists.

Background: The Bosniak classification is a diagnostic tool for the differentiation of cystic changes in the kidney. The process of categorizing renal cysts may be challenging, involving a series of decisions that may affect the final diagnosis and clinical outcome such as surgical management.

Purpose: To investigate the inter- and intra-observer agreement among experienced uroradiologists when categorizing complex renal cysts according to the Bosniak classification.

Evaluation of Bosniak category IIF complex renal cysts.

Purpose: To evaluate moderately complex renal cysts of Bosniak category IIF.

Materials And Methods: The regional ethics committee approved the study. In the period 2003-2009, radiological CT reports of 8,402 CT examinations of the kidneys were analysed retrospectively by one radiologist.

Distension of the renal pelvis in kidney stone patients: sensory and biomechanical responses.

The pathogenesis of symptoms in urolithiasis is poorly understood. Traditionally increased endoluminal pressure is considered the main mechanism causing pain in the upper urinary tract but clinical data are sparse. The aim of the present study was to develop a new model related to mechanosensation in order to describe the geometric and mechanical properties of the renal pelvis in patients with kidney stone disease.

Can the CT planning image determine whether a kidney stone is radiopaque on a plain KUB?

Almost all kidney stones are CT positive. Before a CT scan can be done a CT planning image (CTI) is generated in order to select the exact scanning area. The CTI looks approximately like a normal kidney-ureter-bladder abdominal radiography (KUB) but with reduced quality.

Characterization of complex renal cysts: a critical evaluation of the Bosniak classification.

Objective: Complex renal cysts represent a major clinical problem, since it is often difficult to exclude malignancy. The Bosniak classification system, based on computed tomography (CT), is widely used to categorize cystic renal lesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate critically available data on the Bosniak classification.

[Characterization of complex renal cysts].

Complex renal cysts represent a clinical problem, since it is often difficult to exclude malignancy. The Bosniak classification uses computed tomography (CT) to categorize cystic renal lesions. Category I and II are presumed to be benign, and III and IV potentially malignant.

Retrograde ureteroscopic holmium laser endopyelotomy in a selected population of patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction.

Objective: Significant controversy remains concerning the best way to treat ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO). This study evaluates subjective and objective outcomes of retrograde holmium laser endopyelotomy in a selected population with UPJO.

Material And Methods: Forty-seven patients with UPJO were referred to retrograde endopyelotomy between April 2004 and March 2007.