A gut commensal protozoan determines respiratory disease outcomes by shaping pulmonary immunity.

The underlying mechanisms used by the intestinal microbiota to shape disease outcomes of the host are poorly understood. Here, we show that the gut commensal protozoan, Tritrichomonas musculis (T.mu), remotely shapes the lung immune landscape to facilitate perivascular shielding of the airways by eosinophils.

Host tracheal and intestinal microbiomes inhibit growth .

Unlabelled: Coccidioidomycosis, also known as Valley fever, is a disease caused by the fungal pathogen . Unfortunately, patients are often misdiagnosed with bacterial pneumonia, leading to inappropriate antibiotic treatment. The soil -like species exhibits antagonistic properties against ; however, the antagonistic capabilities of host microbiota against are unexplored.

Host tracheal and intestinal microbiomes inhibit growth .

Coccidioidomycosis, also known as Valley fever, is a disease caused by the fungal pathogen . Unfortunately, patients are often misdiagnosed with bacterial pneumonia leading to inappropriate antibiotic treatment. Soil bacteria -like species exhibits antagonistic properties against ; however, the antagonistic capabilities of host microbiota against are unexplored.

Coccidioidomycosis and Host Microbiome Interactions: What We Know and What We Can Infer from Other Respiratory Infections.

Between 70 and 80% of Valley fever patients receive one or more rounds of antibiotic treatment prior to accurate diagnosis with coccidioidomycosis. Antibiotic treatment and infection (bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic) often have negative implications on host microbial dysbiosis, immunological responses, and disease outcome. These perturbations have focused on the impact of gut dysbiosis on pulmonary disease instead of the implications of direct lung dysbiosis.

Mild membrane depolarization in neurons induces immediate early gene transcription and acutely subdues responses to a successive stimulus.

Immediate early genes (IEGs) are transcribed in response to neuronal activity from sensory stimulation during multiple adaptive processes in the brain. The transcriptional profile of IEGs is indicative of the duration of neuronal activity, but its sensitivity to the strength of depolarization remains unknown. Also unknown is whether activity history of graded potential changes influence future neuronal activity.

Macrophage and Dendritic Cell Activation and Polarization in Response to Infection.

Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal, respiratory disease caused by and . The host immune responses that define disease outcome during infection are largely unknown, although T helper responses are required. Adaptive immunity is influenced by innate immunity as antigen-presenting cells activate and educate adaptive responses.