The protective role of school connectedness in the relationship between child maltreatment and internalizing symptoms for White, Black, Latino/Hispanic, and multiracial youth.

Background: Child maltreatment is a public health concern associated with increased youth internalizing symptoms. School connectedness has been shown to play a protective role in the relationship between child maltreatment and externalizing symptoms; yet, its protective role on internalizing symptoms for youth in different racial/ethnic subgroups remains underexplored.

Objective: This study aimed to examine whether school connectedness buffers the effect of child maltreatment on internalizing symptoms for White, Black, Latino/Hispanic, and multiracial youth.

Resilience and Strengths Among Minoritized Racial and Ethnic Groups of Children in the United States Exposed to Trauma, Violence, and Maltreatment: A Scoping Review.

Children from minoritized racial and ethnic backgrounds are at a higher risk for exposure to trauma and violence because of longstanding structural inequities; yet, these children can experience resilience by drawing on assets and resources across multiple levels of the social and physical ecology. Guided by the Resilience Portfolio Model, this scoping review aimed to synthesize evidence from the quantitative and qualitative literature on strengths among minoritized racial and ethnic groups of children in the United States exposed to trauma, violence, and maltreatment. The review also explored similarities and differences in strengths across racial and ethnic groups.

The Role of Resilience Portfolios in Overcoming Trauma.

This special issue offers a series of papers that use the resilience portfolio model (RPM) to explore multidimensional, strength-based approaches to resilience in a wide variety of communities. The field is urgently in need of research that helps identify the factors that help people thrive despite exposure to violence and other trauma. We need to know how people typically overcome victimization and other adverse experiences if we are going to improve intervention and minimize the global burden of trauma.

Profiles of Father Involvement among Unmarried Black Fathers and Child Social-Emotional Functioning.

This study examined patterns of father involvement among 2,040 unmarried non-Hispanic Black fathers ( = 25.27 years; SD = 6.51 years) with low income, and their associations with young children's (age 3 years; 50.

"I think we feel a lot of their devastation": social workers' perspectives on primary and secondary psychological trauma in pediatric emergency rooms.

This qualitative study used in-depth interviews with 23 pediatric emergency room social workers to explore the interplay of the primary trauma experienced by children and families and the secondary trauma experienced by social workers. The analysis used a grounded theory approach and developed a conceptual model of the cycle of primary and secondary trauma, whereby child and family trauma can lead to social workers' secondary trauma, which can further lead to impacts on client care that may exacerbate the primary trauma. To interrupt this cycle, trauma-informed hospitals should address both primary and secondary trauma in pediatric emergency rooms.

Predictors of father involvement patterns among Latino fathers with low income.

Father involvement in parenting can promote children's positive development. Despite the growing literature on father involvement, little is known about the heterogeneity in father involvement among Latino fathers. The present study sought to examine father involvement patterns and their predictors among Latino fathers who were predominantly unmarried and had a low income.

Child maltreatment and peer relationship quality: Types and timing of maltreatment and gender differences.

Introduction: Research demonstrates that child maltreatment can negatively impact adolescent peer relationships. It is not well understood, however, how the type of maltreatment and its timing (when it occurs) affects the dimensions of peer relationship quality (i.e.

Child maltreatment and youth exposure to risky environments: Latent class analysis of youth activity spaces.

Background: Child maltreatment may alter the way that adolescents engage in and interact within the places they visit in their daily routines, namely youth activity spaces. Thus, it is important to understand how maltreatment experiences are linked to adolescents' exposure to environmental and contextual risks within their activity spaces.

Objective: The aim of the study was to explore the associations between child maltreatment and patterns of risk exposures within youth activity spaces among adolescents.

Coparenting Profiles and Children's Socioemotional Outcomes in Unmarried Parents with Low-Income.

Objective: This study aimed to examine patterns of mother-father coparenting relationship quality and their associations with child empathy, emotional insecurity, and behavior problems in families with low income.

Background: Given the growing number of nonmarital births and the high risk of relationship dissolution among cohabiting couples living with low income, it is important to examine the coparenting relationships among racially diverse unmarried couples from low-income contexts. To date, little research has assessed patterns of coparenting relationships and their associations with child socioemotional outcomes among this population.

Examination of protective factors that promote prosocial skill development among children exposed to intimate partner violence.

This retrospective cohort study examined prosocial skills development in child welfare-involved children, how intimate partner violence (IPV) exposure explained heterogeneity in children's trajectories of prosocial skill development, and the degree to which protective factors across children's ecologies promoted prosocial skill development. Data were from 1,678 children from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-being I, collected between 1999 and 2007. Cohort-sequential growth mixture models were estimated to identify patterns of prosocial skill development between the ages of 3 to 10 years.

Parenting attitudes and behaviors among parents involved with the child welfare system and affected by substance use disorders.

Background: Co-occurring parental substance use and child maltreatment is a serious concern in the U.S child welfare system.

Objective: The aim of the study was to examine parenting attitudes and practices among parents who participated in Ohio START (Sobriety, Treatment, And Reducing Trauma), a statewide initiative that provides support to families affected by co-occurring parental substance use and child maltreatment.

Environment matters: How are neighborhood structural indexes associated with parenting stress among Asian immigrant families?

The Asian immigrant population is the fourth largest immigrant population in the United States, and its parenting stress issues have been consistently recognized in previous studies. However, little attention has been paid to neighborhood-level factors and their parenting stress. Using the Study of Asian American Families and 2016 American Community Survey 5-year estimates, this study examined the association between neighborhood structural indexes and Asian immigrant parents' parenting stress, along with the mechanism driving the relationship.

Association between longitudinal patterns of child maltreatment experiences and adolescent substance use.

Background: Although there is a well-established link between child maltreatment and adolescent substance use, it remains unclear if and how longitudinal patterns of maltreatment experiences are associated with substance use in adolescence.

Objective: The purpose of the study was to examine how distinct patterns of longitudinal maltreatment experiences are associated with adolescent substance use.

Participants And Setting: The participants were 899 adolescents from the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN).

Coparenting, parental anxiety/depression, and child behavior problems: The actor-partner interdependence model with low-income married couples.

A considerable amount of research has suggested significant associations among perceived coparenting relationships, parental anxiety/depression, and children's adjustment. Although family members' function is influenced by other members in a shared context, much of the prior work relied on one parent's perspective to examine the relationship between both parents. To address this important limitation, we applied the actor-partner interdependence model and accounted for the interdependence between fathers and mothers in examining the mediating role of parental anxiety/depression in the association between coparenting quality and child behavior problems.

Can resilience change over time? Patterns and transitions in resilience among young children involved with the child welfare system.

This study examined transitions in resilience profiles and the role of caregiver risk and protective factors in resilience transition probabilities over 18 months among children involved with the child welfare system, using latent profile analysis and latent transition analysis. The sample included 486 children (48% female, baseline M  = 3.49).

A Qualitative Study of Risk and Protective Factors for Resilience in Survivors of Sex Trafficking.

This study explored risk and protective factors for resilience in survivors of sex trafficking from the survivors' perspectives. In-depth interviews were conducted with 16 participants recruited from survivor-led advocacy agencies and social service agencies that provide trafficking-specific services. Two overarching themes emerged from data analysis: (a) deep connections to self and others facilitate resilience and (b) detrimental "help" threatens survivors' resilience.

Father-Mother Co-Involvement in Child Maltreatment: Associations of Prior Perpetration, Parental Substance Use, Parental Medical Conditions, Inadequate Housing, and Intimate Partner Violence with Different Maltreatment Types.

The current study applied a family systems approach to examine dyadic parental risk factors linked with mother-father co-involved physical abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse. Parental substance use, mental health problems, disability and medical conditions, inadequate housing, economic insecurity, intimate partner violence, and prior maltreatment history were investigated as key risk factors at the dyadic parental level. Logistic regression analysis was conducted using national child welfare administrative data from the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System.

Patterns of coparenting and young children's social-emotional adjustment in low-income families.

This study identified coparenting patterns using data collected across 2007-2010 from low-income couples (N = 2915; 26.90% non-Hispanic White; 9.41% non-Hispanic Black; 34.

Contextual factors of child behavioral health across developmental stages.

This study examines the relative influence of environmental contexts (family, school, neighborhood) on child behavioral health at ages 3, 5, 9, and 15 years. Path analysis was conducted on a sample of 4,898 urban children from a longitudinal dataset called the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Child physical abuse, emotional abuse, maternal depression, substance use, neighborhood social cohesion, neighborhood poverty, school connectedness, and peer bullying had concurrent relationships with child behavior problems at one or more developmental stages.

Trajectories of resilience among young children involved with child protective services.

Although child maltreatment is associated with short- and long-term maladaptive outcomes, some children are still able to display resilience. Currently, there is a limited understanding of how children's resilience changes over time after experiencing maltreatment, especially for young children. Therefore, the current study used a longitudinal, multidimensional approach to examine trajectories of resilience among very young children involved in child protective services and determine whether placement setting and caregiving behaviors are associated with resilience trajectories.

Family-, School-, and Neighborhood-Level Predictors of Resilience for Adolescents with a History of Maltreatment.

Child maltreatment is a well-known risk factor that threatens the well-being and positive development of adolescents, yet protective factors can help promote resilience amid adversity. The current study sought to identify factors at the family, school, and neighborhood levels associated with resilience outcomes including positive functioning and social skills, among adolescents who have experienced maltreatment. Using longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, the analytic sample was limited to 1729 adolescents who experienced maltreatment before age 9.

Implementation and Mental Health Outcomes of a Service Cascade Linking Child Welfare and Children's Mental Health Systems: A Case Study of the Gateway CALL Demonstration.

The mental health needs of children and youth involved in the child welfare system remain largely unmet. Service cascades are an emerging approach to systematizing mental health screening, assessment, and treatment referral processes. However, evidence is minimal and inconsistent regarding the effectiveness of such approaches for improving mental health service access and outcomes.

Understanding Family Risk and Protective Factors That Shape Child Development.

Understanding the various family characteristics and contextual factors that shape children's health and developmental outcomes is important for promoting optimal child development [...

The Long-Term Effects of Early Childhood Resilience Profiles on School Outcomes among Children in the Child Welfare System.

This study aimed to examine the association between early childhood resilience profiles and later school outcomes (academic achievement and school involvement) among children in the U.S. child welfare system.