Publications by authors named "Susan Petit"
Background: Children with hematologic malignancies (HMs) are at increased risk of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Data on long-term IPD trends in U.S.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Nursing home residents experience a large burden of invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. Data are limited regarding nursing home characteristics associated with differences in facility-level invasive MRSA rates.
Methods: We analyzed 2011-2015 data from CDC's Emerging Infections Program (EIP) active population- and laboratory-based surveillance for invasive MRSA cases within seven states.
Persons with HIV (PWH) are at increased risk for bacterial infections, and previous publications document an increased risk for invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) in particular. This analysis provides evidence that PWH face a 6-fold increase in risk for IMD based on Active Bacterial Core surveillance data collected during 2009-2019.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIntroduction: Racial and ethnic minorities are disproportionately affected by end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). ESKD patients on dialysis are at increased risk for Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections, but racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities associated with this outcome are not well described.
Methods: Surveillance data from the 2020 National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) and the 2017-2020 Emerging Infections Program (EIP) were used to describe bloodstream infections among patients on hemodialysis (hemodialysis patients) and were linked to population-based data sources (CDC/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry [ATSDR] Social Vulnerability Index [SVI], United States Renal Data System [USRDS], and U.
Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) can cause meningitis and other serious invasive disease. Encapsulated Hi is classified into six serotypes (a-f) based on chemical composition of the polysaccharide capsule; unencapsulated strains are termed nontypeable Hi (NTHi). Hi serotype b (Hib) was the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children in the pre-Hib vaccine era, and secondary transmission of Hi among children (e.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIntroduction: Racial and ethnic minorities are disproportionately affected by end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). ESKD patients on dialysis are at increased risk for Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections, but racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities associated with this outcome are not well described.
Methods: Surveillance data from the 2020 National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) and the 2017-2020 Emerging Infections Program (EIP) were used to describe bloodstream infections among patients on hemodialysis (hemodialysis patients) and were linked to population-based data sources (CDC/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry [ATSDR] Social Vulnerability Index [SVI], United States Renal Data System [USRDS], and U.
Article Synopsis
- During the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S. (from March to December 2020), the incidence of invasive bacterial diseases (IBD) caused by several bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, significantly decreased compared to expected rates from earlier years.
- The observed declines in IBD were 58% for S. pneumoniae, 60% for H. influenzae, 28% for group A Streptococcus, and 12% for group B Streptococcus, aligning with the introduction of COVID-19 preventive measures.
- Testing rates for blood and cerebrospinal fluid during the pandemic remained similar to pre-pandemic years, suggesting that the drop in IBD cases
Article Synopsis
- * From 2008 to 2019, the incidence of NTHi was notably high among infants under one year and older adults, with significant risks for preterm infants and pregnant women leading to pregnancy loss.
- * The findings indicate a need for improved monitoring and targeted prevention strategies for NTHi infections, especially in vulnerable groups.
Background: Antibiotic-nonsusceptible invasive pneumococcal disease (NS-IPD) incidence declined dramatically in the United States after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) into the infant immunization schedule (7-valent PCV7 in 2000, replaced by the 13-valent PCV13 in 2010). We evaluated the long-term impact of PCVs on NS-IPD.
Methods: We identified IPD cases through the Centers for Disease Control Active Bacterial Core surveillance during 1998-2018.
Article Synopsis
- People with HIV (PWH) are more susceptible to invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), and the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was introduced for use in this population in 2012.
- A study analyzed IPD cases from 2008 to 2018, revealing significant declines in IPD incidence among PWH after the introduction of the vaccine, yet the rates remained much higher compared to non-PWH.
- The findings highlight the need for higher-valent vaccines (like PCV15 and PCV20) to further decrease IPD instances among PWH, as they still face a disproportionate risk.
Hospital Readmissions Among Infants Diagnosed With Early-Onset Neonatal Sepsis in Connecticut.
J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc
June 2022
Background: Early-onset neonatal sepsis, defined as sepsis within 72 hours of birth, results in significant infant morbidity and mortality. Readmissions associated with neonatal sepsis have not previously been well described. Early-onset neonatal sepsis is a mandatory reportable condition in Connecticut, allowing for expanded data collection through public health surveillance to evaluate readmissions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Treatment of severe group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections requires timely and appropriate antibiotic therapy. We describe the epidemiology of antimicrobial-resistant invasive GAS (iGAS) infections in the United States (US).
Methods: We analyzed population-based iGAS surveillance data at 10 US sites from 2006 through 2017.
Background: Since the introduction of Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib) conjugate vaccines in the United States, invasive H. influenzae disease epidemiology has changed, and racial disparities have not been recently described.
Methods: Active population- and laboratory-based surveillance for H.
Objectives: Routine surveillance for streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS), a severe manifestation of invasive group A (GAS) infections, likely underestimates its true incidence. The objective of our study was to evaluate routine identification of STSS in a national surveillance system for invasive GAS infections.
Methods: Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs) conducts active population-based surveillance for invasive GAS disease in selected US counties in 10 states.
Background: Reported outbreaks of invasive group A Streptococcus (iGAS) infections among people who inject drugs (PWID) and people experiencing homelessness (PEH) have increased, concurrent with rising US iGAS rates. We describe epidemiology among iGAS patients with these risk factors.
Methods: We analyzed iGAS infections from population-based Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs) at 10 US sites from 2010 to 2017.
Article Synopsis
- Haemophilus influenzae serotype a (Hia) is linked to invasive diseases with no available vaccine, showing an increasing trend in cases from 2008 to 2017 in the U.S., particularly affecting Alaska.
- On average, there were around 306 cases annually, with a notable rise of 11.1% per year; children under 5, especially Native American and Alaska Native (AI/AN) kids, were most affected.
- The overall case fatality rate was 7.8%, higher in older adults and significantly elevated among AI/AN children, highlighting a critical need for prevention efforts such as developing an Hia vaccine.
We compared methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bloodstream infections (BSIs) captured by culture-based surveillance and MRSA septicemia hospitalizations captured by administrative coding using statewide hospital discharge data in Connecticut from 2010 to 2018. Observed discrepancies between identification methods suggest administrative coding is inappropriate for assessing trends in MRSA BSIs.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Most countries use 3-dose pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) schedules; a 4-dose (3 primary and 1 booster) schedule is licensed for US infants. We evaluated the invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) breakthrough infection incidence in children receiving 2 vs 3 primary PCV doses with and without booster doses (2 + 1 vs 3 + 1; 2 + 0 vs 3 + 0).
Methods: We used 2001-2016 Active Bacterial Core surveillance data to identify breakthrough infections (vaccine-type IPD in children receiving ≥1 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine [PCV7] or 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine [PCV13] dose) among children aged <5 years.
Using population-based surveillance data, we quantified the secondary invasive group A Streptococcus disease risk among household contacts. The disease risk in the 30 days postexposure to an index-case patient was highest among individuals aged ≥65 years, versus the annual background incidence of all ages.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: The 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV13) was introduced for US children in 2010 and for immunocompromised adults ≥19 years old in series with the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) in 2012. We evaluated PCV13 indirect effects on invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) among adults with and without PCV13 indications.
Methods: Using Active Bacterial Core surveillance and the National Health Survey, using Active Bacterial Core surveillance and the National Health Interview Survey, we estimated and compared IPD incidence in 2013-2014 and 2007-2008, by age and serotype group (PCV13, PPSV23-unique, or nonvaccine types [NVTs]), among adults with and without PCV13 indications.
Over the past decade, the reported incidence of Legionnaires' disease (LD) in the northeastern United States has increased, reaching 1-3 cases per 100,000 population. There is reason to suspect that this is an underestimate of the true burden, since LD cases may be underdiagnosed. In this analysis of pneumonia and influenza (P&I) hospitalizations, we estimated the percentages of cases due to Legionella, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) by age group.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWe characterized 22 meningococcal disease cases due to nongroupable , a rare cause of invasive disease. Disease presentation and severity were similar to those for serogroupable meningococcal disease. However, 7 (32%) patients had complement deficiency or abnormal complement testing results, highlighting the importance of complement testing for nongroupable cases.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIntroduction: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common pathogens in health care facilities and in the community, and can cause invasive infections, sepsis, and death. Despite progress in preventing methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections in health care settings, assessment of the problem in both health care and community settings is needed.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFArticle Synopsis
- Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a significant cause of invasive infections, particularly impacting older adults and those with health conditions in the US.
- This study analyzed GBS cases in nonpregnant adults from 2008 to 2016, using data from 10 areas representing about 11.5% of the adult population.
- Results showed a rising incidence of GBS, from 8.1 to 10.9 cases per 100,000 people, with 3,146 cases reported in 2016, and higher rates among men and Black individuals; the study estimated around 27,729 cases and 1,541 deaths linked to invasive GBS disease during this period.
Article Synopsis
- Group B Streptococcus (GBS) remains a significant cause of severe illness and death in infants under 90 days old in the U.S., even though early-onset disease rates have declined due to better antibiotic use during labor.
- The study analyzed data from 2006 to 2015 to assess the incidence of early-onset and late-onset GBS disease in infants, focusing on case characteristics, antimicrobial resistance, and the types of GBS strains present.
- Results showed a drop in early-onset disease cases but stable rates for late-onset; many mothers with infants who had early-onset disease did not receive the recommended antibiotic prophylaxis.