Hospital and Patient Characteristics Associated with Neonatal Blood Stream Infection in Inpatient Care: Insights from the 2019 HCUP KID Database.

Background: This study explores the associations between pediatric adverse events (PAEs) and both hospital and patient characteristics within the inpatient hospital setting, specifically focusing on Neonatal Blood Stream Infection (NBSI) as defined by pediatric quality indicators (PDIs) from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). This research aims to answer questions regarding the relationship between hospital characteristics and patient demographics with the occurrence of NBSI.

Methods: This study utilized discharge data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Kids' Inpatient Databases (KID) for the year 2019.

Hormone Use, Reproductive History, and Risk of Lung Cancer: The Women's Health Initiative Studies.

Introduction: Results from the Women's Health Initiative clinical trials demonstrated no increase in the risk of lung cancer in postmenopausal women treated with hormone therapy (HT). We conducted a joint analysis of the Women's Health Initiative observational study data and clinical trials data to further explore the association between estrogen and estrogen-related reproductive factors and lung cancer risk.

Methods: Reproductive history, oral contraceptive use, and postmenopausal HT were evaluated in 160,855 women with known HT exposures.

Quality of life in MAP.3 (Mammary Prevention 3): a randomized, placebo-controlled trial evaluating exemestane for prevention of breast cancer.

Purpose: Exemestane, a steroidal aromatase inhibitor, reduced invasive breast cancer incidence by 65% among 4,560 postmenopausal women randomly assigned to exemestane (25 mg per day) compared with placebo in the National Cancer Institute of Canada (NCIC) Clinical Trials Group MAP.3 (Mammary Prevention 3) trial, but effects on quality of life (QOL) were not fully described.

Patients And Methods: Menopause-specific and health-related QOL were assessed by using the four Menopause-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (MENQOL) domains and the eight Medical Outcomes Study Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) scales at baseline, 6 months, and yearly thereafter.

Improvement in stroke risk prediction: role of C-reactive protein and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 in the women's health initiative.

Background: Classification of risk of ischemic stroke is important for medical care and public health reasons. Whether addition of biomarkers adds to predictive power of the Framingham Stroke Risk or other traditional risk factors has not been studied in older women.

Methods: The Hormones and Biomarkers Predicting Stroke Study is a case-control study of blood biomarkers assayed in 972 ischemic stroke cases and 972 controls, nested in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study of 93, 676 postmenopausal women followed for an average of eight-years.

Estrogen receptor polymorphisms and the vascular effects of hormone therapy.

Objective: To test whether estrogen receptor polymorphisms modify the effects of postmenopausal hormone therapy on biomarkers and on risk of coronary heart disease events, stroke, or venous thromboembolism.

Methods And Results: The design was a nested case-control study in the Women's Health Initiative trials of postmenopausal hormone therapy. The study included all cases in the first 4 years: 359 cases of coronary heart disease, 248 of stroke, and 217 of venous thromboembolism.

Estrogen plus progestin and breast cancer incidence and mortality in postmenopausal women.

Context: In the Women's Health Initiative randomized, placebo-controlled trial of estrogen plus progestin, after a mean intervention time of 5.6 (SD, 1.3) years (range, 3.

Oral bisphosphonate use and breast cancer incidence in postmenopausal women.

Purpose: Emerging clinical evidence suggests intravenous bisphosphonates may inhibit breast cancer while oral bisphosphonates have received limited evaluation regarding breast cancer influence.

Patients And Methods: The association between oral bisphosphonate use and invasive breast cancer was examined in postmenopausal women enrolled onto the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). We compared a published hip fracture prediction model, which did not incorporate bone mineral density (BMD), with total hip BMD in 10,418 WHI participants who had both determinations.

Calcium/vitamin D supplementation and coronary artery calcification in the Women's Health Initiative.

Objective: Coronary artery calcified plaque is a marker for atheromatous plaque burden and predicts future risk of cardiovascular events. The relationship between calcium plus vitamin D (calcium/D) supplementation and coronary artery calcium (CAC) has not been previously assessed in a randomized trial setting. We compared CAC scores after trial completion between women randomized to calcium/vitamin D supplementation and women randomized to placebo.

Menopausal symptom experience before and after stopping estrogen therapy in the Women's Health Initiative randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess vasomotor and other menopausal symptoms before starting estrogens or placebo, 1 year later, again at trial closure, and after stopping estrogens or placebo. The role of baseline symptoms and age was examined, as was the frequency and determinants of hormone use and symptom management strategies after discontinuing conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) or placebo.

Methods: Intent-to-treat analyses of 10,739 postmenopausal women before and 1 year after randomization to CEE or placebo at 40 clinical centers and a cohort analysis of participants (n = 3,496) who continued taking assigned study pills up to trial closure and completed symptom surveys shortly before (mean, 7.

Estrogen alone in postmenopausal women and breast cancer detection by means of mammography and breast biopsy.

Purpose: As the influence of estrogen alone on breast cancer detection is not established, we examined this issue in the Women's Health Initiative trial, which randomly assigned 10,739 postmenopausal women with prior hysterectomy to conjugated equine estrogen (CEE; 0.625 mg/d) or placebo.

Methods: Screening mammography and breast exams were performed at baseline and annually.

New-onset breast tenderness after initiation of estrogen plus progestin therapy and breast cancer risk.

Background: Estrogen plus progestin therapy increases breast cancer incidence and breast tenderness. Whether breast tenderness during estrogen plus progestin therapy is associated with breast cancer risk is uncertain.

Methods: We analyzed data from the Women's Health Initiative Estrogen + Progestin Trial, which randomized postmenopausal women with an intact uterus to receive daily conjugated equine estrogens, 0.

Low-fat, increased fruit, vegetable, and grain dietary pattern, fractures, and bone mineral density: the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial.

Background: The effects of dietary changes on osteoporosis, low bone density, and frequent falls are unestablished.

Objective: We assessed the effect of the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification low-fat and increased fruit, vegetable, and grain intervention on incident hip, total, and site-specific fractures and self-reported falls, and, in a subset, on bone mineral density (BMD).

Design: Postmenopausal women (n = 48,835) aged 50-79 y (18.

Breast cancer after use of estrogen plus progestin in postmenopausal women.

Background: Following the release of the 2002 report of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) trial of estrogen plus progestin, the use of menopausal hormone therapy in the United States decreased substantially. Subsequently, the incidence of breast cancer also dropped, suggesting a cause-and-effect relation between hormone treatment and breast cancer. However, the cause of this decrease remains controversial.

Resting heart rate as a low tech predictor of coronary events in women: prospective cohort study.

Objective: To evaluate resting heart rate as an independent predictor of cardiovascular risk in women.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Setting: The Women's Health Initiative was undertaken at 40 research clinics in the United States.

Effect of weight change on natural history of pelvic organ prolapse.

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between change in weight and pelvic organ prolapse (POP) progression/regression in women during a 5-year period.

Methods: Postmenopausal women with uteri (N=16,608), ages 50 to 79, who were enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Estrogen plus Progestin Clinical Trial between 1993 and 1998 were included in this secondary analysis. Baseline pelvic examination, repeated annually, assessed uterine prolapse, cystocele, and rectocele using the WHI Prolapse Classification System.

Inflammatory, lipid, thrombotic, and genetic markers of coronary heart disease risk in the women's health initiative trials of hormone therapy.

Background: Clinical trials of postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) have shown increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in the first few years after initiation of therapy and no overall benefit.

Methods: This nested case-control study evaluates a range of inflammatory, lipid, thrombotic, and genetic markers for their association with CHD in the 4 years after randomization and assesses whether any of these markers modified or mediated the initially increased risk associated with HT in postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79 years at baseline. Conjugated equine estrogens, 0.

Inflammation and hemostasis biomarkers for predicting stroke in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study.

Background: Inflammatory and hemostasis-related biomarkers may identify women at risk of stroke.

Methods: Hormones and Biomarkers Predicting Stroke is a study of ischemic stroke among postmenopausal women participating in the Women's Health Initiative observational study (n = 972 case-control pairs). A Biomarker Risk Score (BRS) was derived from levels of 7 inflammatory and hemostasis-related biomarkers that appeared individually to predict risk of ischemic stroke: C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6, tissue plasminogen activator, D-dimer, white blood cell count, neopterin, and homocysteine.

Lipoprotein particle concentrations may explain the absence of coronary protection in the women's health initiative hormone trials.

Objective: The Women's Health Initiative randomized hormone trials unexpectedly demonstrated an increase in early coronary events. In an effort to explain this finding, we examined lipoprotein particle concentrations and their interactions with hormone therapy in a case-control substudy.

Methods And Results: We randomized 16 608 postmenopausal women with intact uterus to conjugated estrogens 0.

Assessing human papillomavirus vaccine efficacy and safety.

Clinical trials have documented the safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of the quadrivalent and bivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) L1 virus-like particle vaccines. These vaccines have demonstrated greater than 90% efficacy in preventing HPV-related neoplasias of the lower genital tract. The quadrivalent HPV vaccine has been found to be more than 95% efficacious in preventing genital warts.

Oophorectomy, hormone therapy, and subclinical coronary artery disease in women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative coronary artery calcium study.

Objective: Surgical menopause has been associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease events. In this study, we aimed to determine the associations between coronary artery calcium (CAC) and hysterectomy, oophorectomy, and hormone therapy use with a focus on the duration of menopause for which there was no hormone therapy use.

Design: In a substudy of the Women's Health Initiative placebo-controlled trial of conjugated equine estrogens (0.

Conjugated equine estrogens and breast cancer risk in the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and observational study.

The Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial found a trend (p = 0.09) toward a lower breast cancer risk among women assigned to daily 0.625-mg conjugated equine estrogens (CEEs) compared with placebo, in contrast to an observational literature that mostly reports a moderate increase in risk with estrogen-alone preparations.

Estrogen plus progestin therapy and breast cancer in recently postmenopausal women.

The Women's Health Initiative trial found a modestly increased risk of invasive breast cancer with daily 0.625-mg conjugated equine estrogens plus 2.5-mg medroxyprogesterone acetate, with most evidence among women who had previously received postmenopausal hormone therapy.

Relation of demographic factors, menstrual history, reproduction and medication use to sex hormone levels in postmenopausal women.

In postmenopausal women, levels of estrogens, androgens, and perhaps prolactin have been related to risk of breast and other hormonal cancers in women. However, the determinants of these hormone concentrations have not been firmly established. Associations among various demographic, menstrual, and reproductive factors, medication use and endogenous sex hormone concentrations (estradiol, free estradiol, estrone, estrone sulfate, testosterone, free testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate (DHEAS), dihydrotestosterone, and prolactin) were evaluated in a cross-sectional analysis from a simple random sample of 274 postmenopausal women selected from the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial.

Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, hormone use, and the risk of ischemic stroke in postmenopausal women.

Few studies have investigated the role of elevated lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA(2)) with stroke risk, and those that have are based on small numbers of strokes. No study has evaluated the effect of hormone therapy use on the association of Lp-PLA(2) and stroke. We assessed the relationship between Lp-PLA(2) and the risk of incident ischemic stroke in 929 stroke patients and 935 control subjects in the Hormones and Biomarkers Predicting Stroke Study, a nested case-control study from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study.

Daily coffee consumption and prevalence of nonmelanoma skin cancer in Caucasian women.

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between daily coffee consumption and nonmelanoma skin cancer. This study was a cross-sectional analysis of women enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (n=93 676). As nearly all cases of self-reported nonmelanoma skin cancer occurred among Caucasian women (97.