Developing an ethical framework for the recruitment of people who inject drugs experiencing incarceration in HIV prevention research: a qualitative study.

Background: HIV disproportionately impacts people who experience incarceration. Incarceration represents an opportunity to engage in HIV prevention care for individuals who often experience a number of barriers accessing health services in the community. The development of evidence-based practices promoting pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention (PrEP) is crucial for ending the HIV epidemic within this highly marginalized population.

Prescribe to Save Lives: An Intervention to Increase Naloxone Prescribing Among HIV Clinicians.

Objectives: Overdose is a major cause of preventable death among persons living with HIV. This study aimed to increase HIV clinicians' naloxone prescribing, which can reduce overdose mortality.

Methods: We enrolled 22 Ryan White-funded HIV practices and implemented onsite, peer-to-peer training, posttraining academic detailing, and pharmacy peer-to-peer contact around naloxone prescribing in a nonrandomized stepped wedge design.

Randomized Clinical Trial of a Brief Alcohol Intervention as an Adjunct to Batterer Intervention for Women Arrested for Domestic Violence.

Despite a rise in women being arrested for domestic violence and court-ordered to batterer intervention, batterer interventions remain limited in their ability to address women's treatment needs. Alcohol use is an important intervention target: one-third of women in batterer interventions have an alcohol-related diagnosis, half engage in at-risk drinking, and alcohol use contributes to intimate partner violence (IPV) and batterer intervention dropout. Research has not evaluated whether adding an alcohol intervention to batterer intervention improves women's alcohol use and IPV outcomes.

A Preliminary Test of an mHealth Facilitated Health Coaching Intervention to Improve Medication Adherence among Persons Living with HIV.

This study examined feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of an mHealth facilitated health coaching antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence intervention. Persons living with HIV (n = 53) were randomized to an in-person adherence session and 12 months of app access and health coaching via the app (Fitbit Plus) versus single adherence session (SOC). At baseline and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, we measured ART adherence, substance use, and depressive symptoms.

Linking Women Experiencing Incarceration to Community-Based HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Care: A Qualitative Study.

Women experiencing incarceration (WEI) in the United States are disproportionately impacted by HIV, yet HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is underutilized by women in the United States. In order to inform an intervention to promote PrEP initiation during incarceration and facilitate linkage to PrEP care following release from incarceration, we conducted individual, semistructured qualitative interviews with WEI ( = 21) and key stakeholders ( = 14). While WEI had little or no previous knowledge about PrEP, they viewed it as something that would benefit women involved in the criminal justice system.

A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of Distress Tolerance Treatment for Weight Concern in Smoking Cessation Among Women.

Introduction: The majority of women who smoke cigarettes report that concern about weight gain is a barrier to quitting. We developed an intervention incorporating distress tolerance, appetite awareness, and mindful eating skills to target concerns about post-cessation weight gain and emotional eating (DT-W). In the current study, we conducted a pilot randomized controlled trial of DT-W versus a smoking health education (HE) intervention.

Randomised clinical trial of an emergency department-based peer recovery support intervention to increase treatment uptake and reduce recurrent overdose among individuals at high risk for opioid overdose: study protocol for the navigator trial.

Introduction: Effective approaches to increase engagement in treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) and reduce the risk of recurrent overdose and death following emergency department (ED) presentation for opioid overdose remain unknown. As such, we aim to compare the effectiveness of behavioural interventions delivered in the ED by certified peer recovery support specialists relative to those delivered by licensed clinical social workers (LCSWs) in promoting OUD treatment uptake and reducing recurrent ED visits for opioid overdose.

Methods And Analysis: Adult ED patients who are at high risk for opioid overdose (ie, are being treated for an opioid overdose or identified by the treating physician as having OUD) (n=650) will be recruited from two EDs in a single healthcare system in Providence, Rhode Island into a two-arm randomised trial with 18 months of follow-up postrandomisation.

Interprofessional Substance Use Disorder Education in Health Professions Education Programs: A Scoping Review.

Purpose: The authors conducted this scoping review to (1) provide a comprehensive evaluation and summation of published literature reporting on interprofessional substance use disorder (SUD) education for students in health professions education programs and (2) appraise the research quality and outcomes of interprofessional SUD education studies. Their goals were to inform health professions educators of interventions that may be useful to consider as they create their own interprofessional SUD courses and to identify areas of improvement for education and research.

Method: The authors searched 3 Ovid MEDLINE databases (MEDLINE, In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, and Epub Ahead of Print), Embase.

Pilot feasibility trial of dual contingency management for cigarette smoking cessation and weight maintenance among weight-concerned female smokers.

Many women who smoke cigarettes report that concern about weight gain is a barrier to quitting. Indeed, most quitters gain weight and some attribute relapses to weight gain concern. Contingency management (CM), which refers to reinforcing a target behavior with financial incentives, has been demonstrated effective for promoting smoking abstinence and weight management independently.

Same-Day Associations Between Substance Use and Medication Nonadherence Among Persons Living with HIV.

Objectives: To examine the same-day associations between substance use and objectively measured antiretroviral therapy (ART) nonadherence among persons living with HIV (PLWH).

Methods: PLWH ( = 53) were given an electronic pill box (EPB), and their ART adherence was monitored for 14 days. During a follow-up interview, participants were asked about any alcohol or drug use that occurred during those same 14 days.

Linking women experiencing incarceration to community-based HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis care: protocol of a pilot trial.

Background: Women experiencing incarceration (WEI) engage in high rates of sex- and drug-related behavior that places them at risk for HIV. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an efficacious means of reducing HIV acquisition. There is a general lack of knowledge regarding PrEP among women at elevated risk, and only a small percentage of at-risk women are currently engaged in PrEP care.

A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of Oral Naltrexone for Heavy-Drinking Smokers Seeking Smoking Cessation Treatment.

Background: Post hoc analyses of 2 randomized controlled trials suggest naltrexone may reduce alcohol use and improve smoking cessation outcomes among heavy drinkers receiving smoking cessation treatment. However, no studies have been conducted specifically to examine naltrexone for this purpose or to test whether naltrexone has benefit when added to smoking cessation counseling that explicitly addresses heavy drinking.

Methods: We recruited heavy-drinking smokers from the community and randomized them to receive 10 weeks of either (i) 50 mg naltrexone (n = 75) or (ii) placebo (n = 75) daily.

The Need for Psychosocial Interventions to Facilitate the Transition to Extended-Release Naltrexone (XR-NTX) Treatment for Opioid Dependence: A Concise Review of the Literature.

Given the increase of opioid dependence and opioid-related morbidity and mortality, improving treatment options for individuals with opioid dependence warrants increased attention. This article provides a concise review of work in this area. Remission from opioid dependence can be very difficult to sustain, particularly in the absence of opioid replacement or opioid antagonist therapy.

A preliminary, randomized trial of aerobic exercise for alcohol dependence.

Interventions targeting physical activity may be valuable as an adjunct to alcohol treatment, but have been relatively untested. In the current study, alcohol dependent, physically sedentary patients were randomized to: a 12-week moderate-intensity, group aerobic exercise intervention (AE; n=25) or a brief advice to exercise intervention (BA-E; n=23). Results showed that individuals in AE reported significantly fewer drinking and heavy drinking days, relative to BA-E during treatment.

Quit intention as a predictor of quit attempts over time in adolescents with psychiatric disorders.

Background: Rates of smoking among adolescents with psychiatric comorbidity are high, despite the well-known health risks. The current longitudinal study examined patterns of quitting behavior in adolescent smokers with psychiatric comorbidity.

Methods: The study evaluated 191 inpatient adolescents who had been enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing versus brief advice for smoking cessation, and assessed their intentions to quit smoking.

The temporal association between substance use and intimate partner violence among women arrested for domestic violence.

Objective: There is a paucity of research on the temporal association between substance use and intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration and victimization, especially among women arrested for domestic violence. The current study examined whether the probability of IPV perpetration and victimization increases following alcohol or drug use relative to days of no use among women arrested for domestic violence.

Method: Women arrested for domestic violence and court referred to batterer intervention programs who met criteria for hazardous drinking participated in the current study (N = 105).

Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Physical Activity and Smoking Among Psychiatrically Hospitalized Adolescents.

Physical activity has been identified as a protective factor with regard to tobacco use, such that physically active adolescents are less likely to initiate smoking, and smokers are less physically active than non-smokers. These findings, along with the well-documented benefits of exercise on mood and well-being in adults, have stimulated interest in exercise-based smoking cessation interventions. However, little research has explored the relationship between physical activity and smoking characteristics within adolescent smokers.

Randomized clinical trial examining the incremental efficacy of a 90-minute motivational alcohol intervention as an adjunct to standard batterer intervention for men.

Aims: The efficacy of batterer intervention programs to reduce intimate partner violence (IPV) is questionable, with individuals with alcohol problems particularly unlikely to benefit. We examined whether adding adjunctive alcohol intervention to batterer intervention reduced the likelihood of substance use and violence relative to batterer intervention alone.

Design: Randomized clinical trial.

Adolescent first lapse following smoking cessation: situation characteristics, precipitants and proximal influences.

Despite increased attention to adolescent smoking cessation, little is known about adolescent relapse following a quit attempt. To address this issue, the present study was designed to provide initial information regarding the characteristics of adolescent lapses to smoking following abstinence. Included in the present study were 204 adolescent participants in four independent smoking cessation trials.

Effect of CBT on Depressive Symptoms in Methadone Maintenance Patients Undergoing Treatment for Hepatitis C.

To examine the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral intervention (CBT) to prevent depression among methadone maintenance patients undergoing antiviral treatment for hepatitis C (HCV), 29 patients beginning HCV treatment were randomized to CBT or standard care (SC). Study participants did not meet criteria for major depressive disorder at the time of study recruitment. CBT did not result in less depression-related antiviral treatment failure, better adherence to antiviral treatment, or better HCV RNA outcomes.

A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral treatment for depression versus relaxation training for alcohol-dependent individuals with elevated depressive symptoms.

Objective: A previous pilot study found positive outcomes among alcohol-dependent individuals with elevated depressive symptoms who received cognitive-behavioral treatment for depression (CBT-D; n = 19) compared with a relaxation training control (RTC; n = 16). The current study represents a replication of this pilot study using a larger sample size and a longer follow-up assessment period.

Method: Patients entering a partial hospital drug and alcohol treatment program who met criteria for alcohol dependence and elevated depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory score ≥ 15) were recruited and randomly assigned to receive eight individual sessions of CBT-D (n = 81) or RTC (n = 84).

A Pilot Study of Aerobic Exercise as an Adjunctive Treatment for Drug Dependence.

Intervention to increase exercise in drug dependent patients represents a potentially useful yet unexplored strategy for preventing relapse. However, there are currently no established exercise interventions for use with this population. The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the feasibility of aerobic exercise as an adjunct to substance abuse treatment among drug dependent patients.

Alcohol use of diabetes patients: the need for assessment and intervention.

It is well known that diabetes self-care behaviors are critical to disease progression. Unfortunately, many patients do not adhere to diabetes self-care recommendations despite their importance. Alcohol use has been identified as a barrier to diabetes self-care adherence.