Visiting nature is associated with lower socioeconomic inequalities in well-being in Wales.

Natural environments can promote well-being through multiple mechanisms. Many studies have investigated relationships between residential green/blue space (GBS) and well-being, fewer explore relationships with actual use of GBS. We used a nationally representative survey, the National Survey for Wales, anonymously linked with spatial GBS data to investigate associations of well-being with both residential GBS and time in nature (N = 7631).

The history and illustration of anatomy in the Middle Ages.

This article reviews the influence of key figures on the pictorial representation of anatomy and the evolution of anatomical illustration during the Middle Ages until the time of the Renaissance, based on medical history books, journals and ancient medical books. During the early period in the Middle Ages, most illustrations were traditional drawings of emblematic nature, oftentimes unrealistic, not only because the precise knowledge of anatomy was lacking but also because the objective was to elucidate certain principles for teaching purposes. Five figure-series that came down to us through ancient manuscripts and textbooks represent the best examples of such traditional illustrations.

Reconstructive outcomes analysis of lower eyelid and infraorbital skin defects using 2 hatchet flaps: a 6-year experience.

Background: For the past 6 years, we have used double hatchet flaps for reconstruction of lower lid and infraorbital skin defects.

Methods: Twenty-five patients who underwent reconstruction of lower eyelid/infraorbital skin defects using double hatchet flaps were retrospectively analyzed. Defect size ranged from 11 × 11 to 15 × 15 mm.

Umbilical transposition in functional panniculectomy of the massive weight loss patient: is it aesthetic or medically necessary?

Background: We review the procedures used in panniculectomy and explore the necessity of umbilical transposition when adequately treating the medical and functional problems associated with panniculus in the massive weight loss patient.

Methods: Thirty-five consecutive patients with symptomatic panniculus after massive weight loss undergoing panniculectomy during the time period from November 2008 to October 2010 at Denver Health Medical Center were retrospectively analyzed. Inclusion criteria consisted of insurance approval for the panniculectomy.

Functional reconstruction of total lower lip defects using innervated gracilis flap in the setting of high-energy ballistic injury to the lower face: preliminary report.

Background: Reconstruction of total full-thickness lower lip defects combined with extensive composite mandibular defects particularly in the setting of close-range high-energy ballistic injury presents a formidable challenge for the reconstructive plastic surgeon. While the fibular flap has been widely accepted for its usefulness in the reconstruction of composite mandibular defects, to date, there is no definitive widely established method of total lower lip reconstruction. The article presents authors' approach using innervated gracilis muscle flap for total lower lip reconstruction in the setting of high-energy gunshot injuries to the face.

A classification system in the massive weight loss patient based on skin lesions and activity of daily living.

Objective: Massive weight loss patients frequently have recalcitrant skin rashes and/or infections in the abdominal region and interference with activities of daily living (ADL) due to the redundant abdominal tissues.

Materials And Methods: A classification of these functional problems is described on the basis of the authors' experience with 75 consecutive massive weight loss patients undergoing surgery between March 2006 and August 2010. Patients are classified in 3 types.

Current trends in breast reconstruction: survey of American Society of Plastic Surgeons 2010.

Background: We conducted a retrospective survey of American Society of Plastic Surgeons to ascertain the current trends in breast reconstruction (BR).

Methods: Surveys were sent to 2250 active American Society of Plastic Surgeons members by e-mail with a cover letter including the link using Survey Monkey for the year 2010. In all, 489 surveys (a response rate of 21.

Incorporation of a preexisting scar in the star-flap technique for nipple reconstruction.

Background: This report describes the authors' currently favored method of nipple reconstruction in cases of a pre-existing scar on the breast mound that passes through the intended site of nipple reconstruction.

Methods: The star flap technique incorporating a previous scar is used at least 3 months after satisfactory implant-based breast reconstruction. If the intended site of nipple reconstruction bisects through a vertical mastectomy scar, the star flap is designed as medially or laterally based with its 2 lateral limbs lying adjacent to the scar and the transverse central component incorporating the vertical scar.

Reconstruction of large supra-eyebrow and forehead defects using the hatchet flap principle and sparing sensory nerve branches.

Background: To reconstruct a forehead defect, a plastic surgeon must be knowledgeable about the neural, vascular, and muscular anatomy. The position of fixed structures such as eyebrows and hairline should be respected. For the past 5 years, we have used double hatchet flaps for reconstruction of relatively large supra-eyebrow and forehead defects.

The role of education in managing fatigue, anxiety, and sleep disorders in women undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer.

This study examined the effect of informational audiotapes on patients' self-care behaviors (SCBs) to manage chemotherapy side effects of fatigue, anxiety, and sleep disturbance. Seventy-one women with breast cancer participated. Thirty-three received audiotapes on SCBs to manage side effects.

The effect of education in managing side effects in women receiving chemotherapy for treatment of breast cancer.

Purpose/objectives: To determine the effectiveness of informational audiotapes on self-care behaviors, state anxiety, and use of self-care behaviors; to describe the occurrence and intensity of common side effects in patients with breast cancer.

Design: Randomized clinical trial.

Setting: Outpatient chemotherapy clinics operated by a university center in a rural area.

Anxiety and quality of life of women who receive radiation or chemotherapy for breast cancer.

Purpose/objectives: To examine quality of life (QOL) and anxiety in a sample of women receiving radiation or chemotherapy for breast cancer.

Design: Longitudinal, descriptive.

Setting: A cancer center in the southeastern United States.