Optimized method for higher yield of alveolar macrophage isolation for studies.

Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are a fully differentiated lung-resident immune cell population and are a critical component of lung immunity. AMs can be easily isolated from mice via bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) collection. The quality and quantity of AMs in BALF isolation are critical for generating reliable and high-quality data for studies.

Population and conservation threats to the vulnerable Sarus crane in Nepal.

Globally, biodiversity is declining due to habitat loss and degradation, over-exploitation, climate change, invasive species, pollution, and infrastructure development. These threats affect the populations of large waterbird species, such as Sarus crane (), which inhabits agricultural-wetland ecosystems. Despite the burgeoning built-up areas and diminishing agricultural and wetland spaces, scant research investigates the impact of these changing land uses on the globally vulnerable Sarus crane in Nepal.

Occurrence and temporal overlap of sympatric jungle cats and leopard cats in Parsa‒Koshi Complex, Nepal.

Co-occurrence and spatial and temporal overlap of sympatric jungle and leopard cats are influenced by habitat preferences, and interspecific competition. Understanding these factors influence is crucial for developing effective conservation strategies. We conducted a camera survey in Parsa‒Koshi Complex (PKC), Nepal during December 2022-March 2023 to investigate factors influencing occupancy and spatial and temporal overlap between jungle cats (Felis chaus) and leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis).

Factors affecting the occupancy of sloth bear and its detection probability in Parsa-Koshi Complex, Nepal.

Understanding factors associated with coexistence of human and wildlife in human-dominated landscapes is crucial for effective species conservation. Among the wildlife species, the sloth bears are found both inside and outside the protected areas of Nepal, and with increasing cases of human and bear conflicts in both areas. This highlights the necessity for a comprehensive understanding of anthropogenic and ecological factors that affect the occurrence of sloth bear.

Arrhythmias: Its Occurrence, Risk Factors, Therapy, and Prognosis in Acute Coronary Syndrome.

Background: Patients with acute coronary syndrome may lead to various metabolic and electrophysiological changes that induce both asymptomatic and symptomatic life-threatening arrhythmias, which increases morbidity and mortality.

Methods: This observational retrospective study was conducted at Manmohan Cardiothoracic Vascular and Transplant Center, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal. Three hundred ninety-five patients with a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome were enrolled in the study.

Prevalence of Microalbuminuria in Non-diabetic Hypertensive Patients and its Correlation with Changes in Left Ventricular and Left Atrial Characteristics.

Background: Microalbuminuria is urinary albumin excretion in the range of 30-300 mg per 24 hours and is considered as an abnormal albumin excretion rate. Microalbuminuria is associated with epithelial dysfunction and have a high risk for target organ damage resulting in stroke, retinopathy and adverse cardiovascular events. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of microalbuminuria in non-diabetic hypertensive patients and its correlation with cardiovascular changes.

Changes in Electrocardiogram in Patients With Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background Electrocardiographic (ECG) changes are frequently reported findings in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We conducted a retrospective descriptive study to assess the prevalence of electrocardiographic changes in patients with non-traumatic SAH.  Methods In this single-center retrospective cross-sectional study, ECG recordings of 45 patients who presented to Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital in the year 2019 with SAH were collected and analyzed to detect any abnormalities.

Occluded Coronary Artery among Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients in Department of Cardiology of a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.

Introduction: Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction is frequently thought to be caused by incomplete blockage of the culprit artery, whereas ST elevation myocardial infarction is frequently thought to be caused by total occlusion of the culprit artery. The objective of the study was to find out the prevalence of occluded coronary arteries among non-ST elevation myocardial infarction patients department of cardiology of a tertiary care centre.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among non-ST elevation myocardial infarction patients in a tertiary care centre from 22 June 2020 to 21 June 2021 after taking ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee [Reference number: 4271 (6-11) E2 076/077].

Prevalence of Myocardial Bridging in Angiography Study.

Background: Myocardial bridging is a congenital anomaly in which a segment of epicardial coronary artery takes an intramyocardial course, the systolic compression of which could be asymptomatic or may lead to major hemodynamic changes such as myocardial ischemia, arrhythmias or sudden cardiac death. The prevalence is highly variable depending upon different investigational modalities to diagnose it. Here we have aimed to study the prevalence through invasive coronary angiography.

Electrocardiogram abnormalities and renal impairment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A healthcare facilities-based cross-sectional study in Dang district of Nepal.

Aims/introduction: The global burden of diabetes mellitus is rising substantially, with a further increase in cardiovascular and kidney disease burden. These public health problems are highly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries, including Nepal. However, there is limited evidence on cardiac and renal conditions among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Risk Factors of Coronary Artery Disease: A Hospital-Based Study.

Background: Coronary artery disease is among the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. There are limited scientific evidence on the risk factors for coronary artery disease specific to the Nepalese context. This study aimed to determine the association of various modifiable cardiovascular risk factors with coronary artery disease in Nepal.

Poor glycemic control, cardiovascular disease risk factors and their clustering among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study from Nepal.

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). To prevent morbidity and mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), optimization of glycemic status and minimizing CVD risk factors is essential. As Nepal has limited data on these CVD risk parameters, we assessed the prevalence of poor glycemic control, CVD risk factors, and their clustering among patients with T2DM.

Diagnostic accuracy of glycogen phosphorylase BB for myocardial infarction: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Purpose: We tried to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of glycogen phosphorylase BB as a cardiac marker for myocardial infarction.

Methods: We searched through different electronic databases (PubMed, Google-scholar, Embase, and Cochrane Library) to locate relevant articles. Studies, with sufficient data to reconstruct a 2 × 2 contingency table, met our inclusion criteria were included.

Effectiveness of community-based health education and home support program to reduce blood pressure among patients with uncontrolled hypertension in Nepal: A cluster-randomized trial.

Background: Hypertension is a major global public health problem. Elevated blood pressure can cause cardiovascular and kidney diseases. We assessed the effectiveness of health education sessions and home support programs in reducing blood pressure among patients with uncontrolled hypertension in a suburban community of Nepal.

Echocardiographic Findings in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation in a Tertiary Care Center of Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.

Introduction: Atrial fibrillation is the most prevalent supraventricular arrhythmia responsible for the large morbidity and mortality burden worldwide. There are various causes of atrial fibrillation that may affect the prognosis of patients. This study was intended to determine different echocardiographic findings in patients with atrial fibrillation in a tertiary care center.

Prevalence of Colistin-resistant Gram-negative Isolates Carrying the mcr-1 Gene among Patients Visiting a Tertiary Care Center.

Introduction: Gram-negative isolates harboring mobilized colistin resistance (mcr-1) gene are a great threat to human health. They have been reported worldwide among various bacterial isolates. This work aimed to study the prevalence of colistin resistance among Gram-negative bacteria and the incidence of mcr-1 gene among these isolates.

May Measurement Month 2019: an analysis of blood pressure screening results from Nepal.

May Measurement Month (MMM) is a global initiative to screen high blood pressure (BP) in the community and increase awareness at the population level. High BP is the leading risk factor for mortality worldwide and in Nepal. This study presents the results of the 2019 MMM in Nepal.

Carbapenemase among Clinical Bacterial Isolates in Nepal.

Gram-negative isolates producing carbapenemase enzymes is a great public health problem in developing countries and their control is challenging task due to the involvement of multiple factors including the practice of self-medication, use of antibiotics on animal farms, poor hospital hygiene, etc. During this study, we searched various databases for relevant publication on carbapenemase-producing isolates in Nepal. Various classes of carbapenemases had been reported in Nepal.

May Measurement Month 2018: an analysis of blood pressure screening results from Nepal.

Raised blood pressure (BP) is a leading risk factor for mortality globally and in Nepal. May Measurement Month (MMM) is a global initiative aimed at screening for hypertension and raising awareness on high BP worldwide. This study provides the results of the 2018 MMM (MMM18) in Nepal.

Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors: A community-based cross-sectional study in a peri-urban community of Kathmandu, Nepal.

Background: As a low-income country, Nepal is experiencing cardiovascular diseases as an emerging health problem. However, studies are lacking on the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in peri-urban communities; where the socio-demographical transition is in progress. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the prevalence and socio-demographic distribution of cardiovascular disease risk factors in one of the peri-urban communities in Kathmandu, Nepal.

Prevalence and clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors in rural Nepalese population aged 40-80 years.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the main cause of mortality in low- and middle-income countries like Nepal. Different risk factors usually cluster and interact multiplicatively to increase the risk of developing acute cardiovascular events; however, information related to clustering of CVD risk factors is scarce in Nepal. Therefore, we aimed to determine the prevalence of CVD risk factors with a focus on their clustering pattern in a rural Nepalese population.

Total cardiovascular risk for next 10 years among rural population of Nepal using WHO/ISH risk prediction chart.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Primary prevention of CVD based on total CVD risk approach using WHO/ISH risk prediction chart would be more effective to stratify population under different risk levels, prioritize and utilize the scarce resources of low and middle-income countries. This study estimated total 10-year CVD risk and determined the proportion of population who need immediate drug therapy among the rural population of Nepal.

Barriers to Treatment and Control of Hypertension among Hypertensive Participants: A Community-Based Cross-sectional Mixed Method Study in Municipalities of Kathmandu, Nepal.

Introduction: Despite the established evidence on benefits of controlling raised blood pressure and development of several guidelines on detection and management of hypertension, people often have untreated or uncontrolled hypertension. In this context, we undertook this study to identify the barriers existing in hypertension treatment and control in the municipalities of Kathmandu district in Nepal.

Methods: This was a community based, cross-sectional mixed method study conducted in the municipalities of Kathmandu district in Nepal between January and July 2015.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Hypertension: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Municipalities of Kathmandu, Nepal.

Objective. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of hypertension in newly declared municipalities of Kathmandu, Nepal. Design, Settings, and Participants.