Pesticide risk reduction on crops in the Province of Ontario.

We analyzed the changes in pesticide use and risk in the Province of Ontario, Canada, from 1973 to 1998 to monitor the success of Food Systems 2002, a program to reduce pesticide use by 50%. Pesticide risk was calculated by multiplying the amount of pesticide used (kilograms of active ingredient) by the Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ), a score for the potential risk of pesticides to farmworkers, consumers, and the environment. Pesticide use increased by 46% from 1973 to 1983.

Microclimate and habitat in relation to Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) populations on Long Point, Ontario, Canada.

The impact of microclimate and density of hosts for adult ticks on the density of Ixodes scapularis Say was evaluated within 4 habitats on Long Point, Ontario, from 1989-1992. During the period from May to September, mean weekly vapor pressure deficits were greater within the oak savannah and cottonwood dune habitats than at the maple forest and white pine habitats, which were similar. Vapor pressure deficit was likely the major factor affecting the survivorship of eggs and immature tricks in these habitats.

Abundance of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) larvae and nymphs in relation to host density and habitat on Long Point, Ontario.

Ixodes scapularis Say populations were evaluated within 4 habitats on Long Point, Ontario, from 1990 to 1992 to ascertain whether differences in density of mouse populations within and among habitats were correlated with that of immature I. scapularis populations. I.

Survival and development of the different life stages of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) held within four habitats on Long Point, Ontario, Canada.

From November 1989 to April 1993, blood-fed females and unfed adults and nymphs of lxodes scapularis Say were maintained in housings within 4 different habitats on Long Point, Ontario, Canada, to evaluate the effects of habitat on tick development. More fed females survived the winter within the maple forest (75.6%) than the cottonwood dune (36.

Duration of Borrelia burgdorferi infectivity in white-footed mice for the tick vector Ixodes scapularis under laboratory and field conditions in Ontario.

The duration of Borrelia burgdorferi infectivity in white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) experimentally inoculated or infested with infected Ixodes scapularis nymphs was evaluated. Infectivity was assessed by infesting these mice with unfed I. scapularis larvae at 7, 21, 35 and 49 days post-inoculation (DPI) or post-infestation (PI).

Evaluation of the efficacy of 3% citronella candles and 5% citronella incense for protection against field populations of Aedes mosquitoes.

We assessed the efficacy of 3% citronella candles and 5% citronella incense in protecting subjects from bites of Aedes spp. under field conditions. The study was conducted in a deciduous woodlot in Guelph, Ontario, Canada from July 26 to August 10, 1995.

Essential oil analysis and field evaluation of the citrosa plant "Pelargonium citrosum" as a repellent against populations of Aedes mosquitoes.

A plant recently introduced into North America as the citrosa, Pelargonium citrosum ('Van Leenii'), has been marketed as a biological repellent against mosquitoes. Citrosa is claimed to repel mosquitoes within a 10 ft.2 (0.

Permethrin as a tent treatment for protection against field populations of Aedes mosquitoes.

A tent treated with an oil-based 1% permethrin formulation (0.936 g AI/m2) was evaluated for protection against Aedes spp. Mosquito biting assessment was conducted in the field using 8 human subjects positioned inside and outside tents.

Survival and development of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) under various climatic conditions in Ontario, Canada.

Distribution of the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say, is poorly defined in Ontario. An endemic population is known on Long Point peninsula, Lake Erie, Ontario, but I. scapularis adults have also been collected from other localities within the province.

Response of the meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) to experimental inoculation with Borrelia burgdorferi.

The response of the meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) to infection by experimental inoculation with Borrelia burgdorferi was evaluated. Forty-two adult voles were inoculated subcutaneously with 0.5 x 10(6) spirochetes.

The groundhog tick Ixodes cookei (Acari: ixodidae): a poor potential vector of Lyme borreliosis.

Evidence for infection with the spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, was sought in Ixodes cookei and in groundhogs (Marmota monax) in southern Ontario, Canada, and ticks fed on experimentally inoculated hosts were examined for the spirochete. Borrelia burgdorferi was not detected by immunofluorescent examination of 110 larval, nymphal or adult I. cookei collected from the environment, or taken from humans and other animals.

Distribution of the Lyme disease vector, Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) and isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi in Ontario, Canada.

Ixodes dammini Spielman, Clifford, Piesman & Corwin was confirmed at Long Point, Lake Erie, Ontario, on small mammals and white-tailed deer and by dragging for ticks. Mean intensities of up to 16.2 larvae and 2.

Apparent incompetence of Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae) and fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera) as vectors of Borrelia burgdorferi in an Ixodes dammini endemic area of Ontario, Canada.

From April to October 1990, white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus (Rafinesque), were examined for ectoparasites on Long Point, Ontario, the only endemic area for Ixodes dammini Clifford, Spielman, Piesman & Corwin and Borrelia burgdorferi Johnson, Schmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt & Brenner known in Canada. Larval and nymphal I. dammini and Dermacentor variabilis (Packard), and adult fleas Orchopeas leucopus (Baker), Epitedia wenmanni (Rothschild), and Ctenophthalamus pseudagrytes Baker were common on trapped mice.

Muscovy ducks as an adjunct for the control of the house fly (Diptera: Muscidae).

In laboratory trials, Muscovy ducks, Cairina moschata L., removed adult house flies, Musca domestica L., at least 30 times faster than commercial bait cards, coiled fly paper rolls, fly sheets, or fly traps.

Efficacy of cypermethrin for the control of mosquito larvae and pupae, and impact on non-target organisms, including fish.

In laboratory tests, cypermethrin was highly toxic to mosquito larvae and pupae. It was more toxic at low temperatures after a 24 hr exposure. Larvae of Aedes stimulans were less susceptible than Culex restuans.

The effect of lindane formulations on tissue residues in barrows and on stillbirths in sows.

The potential effect of lindane and its formulations on stillbirths and abortion in pregnant sows was investigated. One of four formulations of lindane were applied at five times the registered dosage to each of ten sows within two weeks of farrowing. Each animal received 5 g of lindane.

Efficacy and dissipation of permethrin for the control of the northern fowl mite in hens.

Laying hens were treated with permethrin at the rate of 20 mg per bird to determine efficacy against northern fowl mites Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago) and the dissipation of residues over a 42-day period. Permethrin provided greater than 99% control of mites for at least 42 days posttreatment as compared to malathion which did not substantially reduce mite infestations. Carbaryl and coumaphos treatment resulted in limited reductions with mite populations recovering by two to three weeks posttreatment.

Virus isolations from mosquitoes in southern Ontario, 1976 and 1977.

Following the 1975 epidemic of St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) in Ontario, programs were instituted to monitor virus activity in mosquito populations during 1976 and 1977. Mosquitoes were trapped with CDC light traps and CO2 cone traps, pooled by species, and tested for virus by intracerebral inoculation of suckling mice.

Southern Ontario survey of eyeworms, Thelazia gulosa and Thelazia lacrymalis in cattle and larvae of Thelazia spp. in the face fly, Musca autumnalis.

An eight month survey of bovine eyes from an abattoir in southern Ontario revealed the presence of the eyeworms Thelazia gulosa and T. lacrymalis in 32% of the cattle. In the same area, 3% of the natural population of face flies (Musca autumnalis) harbored larval eyeworms.