A comparative study of the characteristics of hate speech propagators and their behaviours over Twitter social media platform.

The internet and social media have facilitated diverse communication genres, enabling widespread and rapid opinions-sharing. However, hate speech imposes a contemporary challenge on individuals and communities, given the user anonymity, freedom, and inadequate regulation. Therefore, it is imperative to identify the perpetrators responsible for spreading hate content and examine their behaviour to prevent and mitigate the negative impact.