Changes in the overall survival of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma in the era of immune-checkpoint inhibitors.

Background: The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) has brought about a significant transformation in the treatment of immunogenic tumors. On November 23, 2015, the United States Food and Drug Administration approved Nivolumab to treat metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We aimed to assess potential changes in the survival rates of patients with metastatic RCC at a population level after the approval of Nivolumab.

Changes in the survival of adult patients with metastasized melanoma with the approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors: A retrospective study from the United States database.

Background: Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Ipilimumab and Ipilimumab-Nivolumab combination therapies were approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 2011 and 2015, respectively. We aimed to evaluate potential changes in the survival of patients with metastatic melanoma following the approval of these agents.

Prevalence of poor mental health among medical students in Nepal: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Poor mental health among medical students is widely acknowledged. Studies on mental health among medical students of Nepal are lacking. Therefore, we conducted a study to determine the prevalence of mental disorders.

Use of 90% ethanol to decontaminate stethoscopes in resource limited settings.

Background: In developing countries like Nepal, 90% ethanol is cheap and is available in most hospitals. The unavailability of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) in these settings led us to compare the efficacy between 90% ethanol and isopropyl alcohol pads in reducing the bacterial contamination of diaphragm of stethoscope.

Methods: A randomized blinded experimental study was carried out to determine the difference between cleaning stethoscopes with 90% ethanol and IPA.