Standardized Extract of Prevents Fear Memory Deficit in 3xTg-AD Mice.

ECa 233 is a standardized extract of (CA), an herb widely used in traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine. Previous studies reported that ECa 233 enhanced memory retention and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus of healthy rats. Because of this, we became curious whether ECa 233 has a therapeutic effect on the fear memory deficit in the triple transgenic Alzheimer's disease (3xTg-AD) model mice.

Germinated brown rice protects against glutamate toxicity in HT22 hippocampal neurons through the jnk-mediated apoptotic pathway via the GABA receptor.

The anti-apoptosis effect of germinated brown rice (GBR) focusing on differentiated HT22 cells results in improved nutritional values after the germination process of GBR which contains total phenolic compounds and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Cell death induced by 5 mM glutamate was investigated for 24 h to determine whether GBR mediates cell death through GABA receptors by using antagonists. The results showed that GBR (100 µg/ml) suppressed glutamate-induced cytotoxicity and caused arrest at the G1/S phase of the cell cycle in differentiated HT22 cells.

Age and gender differences for the behavioral phenotypes of 3xTg alzheimer's disease mice.

The triple transgenic Alzheimer's disease (3xTg-AD) strain is a common mouse model used for studying the pathology and mechanism of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The 3xTg-AD strain exhibits two hallmarks of AD, amyloid beta (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles. Several studies using different gender and age of 3xTg-AD mice to investigate their behavior phenotypes under the influence of various treatments have reported mixed results.

Enhanced contextual fear memory in peroxiredoxin 6 knockout mice is associated with hyperactivation of MAPK signaling pathway.

Fear dysregulation is one of the symptoms found in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients. The functional abnormality of the hippocampus is known to be implicated in the development of such pathology. Peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) belongs to the peroxiredoxin family.

The 4-(Phenylsulfanyl) butan-2-one Improves Impaired Fear Memory Retrieval and Reduces Excessive Inflammatory Response in Triple Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Mice.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by an excessive inflammatory response and impaired memory retrieval, including spatial memory, recognition memory, and emotional memory. Acquisition and retrieval of fear memory help one avoid dangers and natural threats. Thus, it is crucial for survival.

4-(Phenylsulfanyl) Butan-2-One Attenuates the Inflammatory Response Induced by Amyloid-β Oligomers in Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive eye disease that causes irreversible impairment of central vision, and effective treatment is not yet available. Extracellular accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) in drusen that lie under the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) has been reported as one of the early signs of AMD and was found in more than 60% of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Extracellular deposition of Aβ can induce the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, COX-2, and iNOS in RPE cells.

Germinated Brown Rice Attenuates Cell Death in Vascular Cognitive Impaired Mice and Glutamate-Induced Toxicity In HT22 Cells.

Germinated brown rice (GBR) with unpolishing, soaking, and germinating processes can improve the texture, flavor, and nutritional value, including GABA and phenolic contents. The effect of GBR was first investigated in vascular cognitive impaired mice and glutamate-induced toxicity in HT22 cells with respect to standard pure GABA. Feeding mice with GBR for 5 weeks showed neuroprotection.

Effect of on pathophysiology of mild chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats.

Objective: The present study investigated the effect of standardized extract on cognition and hippocampal pathology of mild chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) that was induced by permanent right common carotid artery occlusion (RCO) in rats.

Materials And Methods: Sixty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups of Sham-veh, Sham-, RCO-veh and RCO-, which were further divided into short-term and long-term CCH induction. Oral treatments with 20 mg/kg initiated 24 hours and 12 months after CCH and continued for 14 consecutive days.

Anatomy of medial plantar superficial branch artery perforators: Facilitation of medial plantar superficial branch artery perforator (MPAP) flap harvesting and design for finger pulp reconstruction.

Background: Medial plantar artery perforator (MPAP) flap was proposed as proper option for finger pulp reconstruction. To provide the previously unavailable vessel information required for this small flap design, this study aimed to gather all necessary anatomy of MPA, MPAP, and their territories of blood supply to apply in clinical MPAP flap reconstruction minimizing perforator injury.

Methods: Dissection of 30 Thai cadaveric feet for visualizing superficial branch of MPA and its perforators (MPAP) using acrylic dye cannulation were performed.

Vascular Nature and Existence of Anastomoses of Extrinsic Postauricular Fascia: Application for Staged Auricular Reconstruction.

A staged auricular reconstruction in microtia patients was developed by using superficial mastoid fascia (as part of extrinsic postauricular fascia) to cover the cartilagenous framework due to its highly vascularized nature. Three branches of external carotid artery (superficial temporal artery, posterior auricular artery and occipital artery) were found to supply this fascia, this study was therefore aimed to investigate the dimension of blood supply from each vessel and also to demonstrate the existence of anastomoses among these arteries. Thirty-eight pinnas and postauricular fascias from Thai fresh adult cadavers were included to document the anastomoses by showing both perfused dye connection (10 dissections) and visible anastomotic branches (8 dissections) among them.

Neuroprotective Effects of Germinated Brown Rice in Rotenone-Induced Parkinson's-Like Disease Rats.

The effects of germinated brown rice (GBR) on the motor deficits and the dopaminergic (DA) cell death were investigated in Parkinson's-like disease (PD) rats. Reactive oxidative species generated by chronic subcutaneous injection of rotenone (RT) lead to neuronal apoptosis particularly in the nigrostriatal DA system and produce many features of PD, bradykinesis, postural instability and rigidity. In this study, 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), previously reported to inhibit RT-induced DA cell death, was used as the positive control.

Alternative Landmarks of the Mandibular Foramen to Prevent Nerve Injury during Ramus Surgery.

Objective: To investigate the mandibular foramen (MF) position in relation to other bony landmarks on the mandibular ramus (MR) to better understand the anatomical landmark during the ramus surgery.

Material And Method: Ninety-two adult mandibles were studied by measuring four linear parameters: AB, the distance from the posterior limit of the MF (point A) to the posterior border of the MR (point B), BC, the MR width (Point C was located at the anterior border of the MR), DE, the distance from the lingula tip (the highest and the most anterior limit of the MF) (point D) to the mandibular notch (point E), and the MR height (EF, point F was located at the mandibular inferior border). Lines BC and EF were drawn through points A and D and parallel to the inferior and posterior borders of the mandible, respectively.

Reversible short-term and delayed long-term cognitive impairment induced by chronic mild cerebral hypoperfusion in rats.

Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induced by aging in combination with vascular disorder potentially contributes to the development of vascular dementia. This study aimed to investigate the age-related changes in spatial performances in chronic mild cerebral hypoperfusion induced by permanent right common carotid artery occlusion (rCCAO) in rats. Four-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 20) were randomly assigned into sham and rCCAO groups.

Postinjury administration of 17β-estradiol induces protection in the gray and white matter with associated functional recovery after cervical spinal cord injury in male rats.

The majority of spinal cord injuries (SCIs) in the clinic occur at the lower cervical levels, resulting in both white and gray matter disruption. In contrast, most experimental models of SCI in rodents induce damage in the thoracic cord, resulting primarily in white matter disruption. To address this disparity, experimental cervical SCI models have been developed.

Occurrence of the foramen of Vesalius and its morphometry relevant to clinical consideration.

All 377 dry skulls were examined for the occurrence and morphometry of the foramen of Vesalius (FV) both in the middle cranial fossa and at the extracranial view of the skull base. There were 25.9% and 10.

Anatomical considerations of the Thai fibula used as a fibula osteocutaneous free flap in mandibular reconstruction and dental implant placement.

Objective: Although the fibula osteocutaneous free flap has many proven advantages in restoring mandibular defects, the dimension of available fibula is one of its limitations. The present study aimed to investigate the suitability of dimensions and the quality of harvested fibulae for mandibular reconstruction and dental implant placement in Thais.

Material And Method: One hundred fourteen fibulae of 57 adult Thai cadavers were dissected.

Anatomical consideration of pterion and its related references in Thai dry skulls for pterional surgical approach.

Objective: Pterion is a crucial surgical landmark for surgical approaches to the middle meningeal artery particular lesions, and tumors in the brain. The present study aimed to analyze the types of the pterion and its location related with nearby landmarks in dry skulls. In addition, variations of pterion in sex, age, and skull side were compared.

Characterization of a graded cervical hemicontusion spinal cord injury model in adult male rats.

Most experimental models of spinal cord injury (SCI) in rodents induce damage in the thoracic cord and subsequently examine hindlimb function as an indicator of recovery. In these models, functional recovery is most attributable to white-matter preservation and is less influenced by grey-matter sparing. In contrast, most clinical cases of SCI occur at the lower cervical levels, a region in which both grey-matter and white-matter sparing contribute to functional motor recovery.

The study of position of antilingula, midwaist of mandibular ramus and midpoint between coronoid process and gonion in relation to lingula of 92 Thai dried mandibles as potential surgical landmarks for vertical ramus osteotomy.

This study aims to investigate positions of the antilingula (AL), the midwaist of the mandibular ramus (MW) and the midpoint between the coronoid process and the gonion (MCG) in relation to the lingula of dried mandibles. Bilateral rami of 92 Thai dried mandibles were studied. The AL, the MW, the MCG and the corresponding position of the tip of lingula (L) were marked on the external aspect of the mandibular ramus.

17β-estradiol protects Schwann cells against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity and increases transplanted Schwann cell survival in a cervical hemicontusion spinal cord injury model.

Schwann cell (SC) transplantation is a promising repair strategy after spinal cord injury (SCI); however, a large number of SCs do not survive following transplantation. Previous studies have shown that 17β-estradiol (E2) protects several cell types against cytotoxicity. Thus, this study evaluated the protective potential of E2 on SCs in vitro and investigated the effect of E2 on transplanted SC survival in a rat model of SCI.

Dimensional guide to harvesting the radius for orofacial reconstruction.

Objective: To provide an accurate harvesting guide to maintain the maximum possible safe dimensions of the radius for orofacial reconstruction using the osteocutaneous radial forearm free flap.

Material And Method: Two hundred radii of 100 adult formalin-embalmed cadavers (52 males, 48 females) were measured.

Results: The mean minimum circumference of the radius measured between the pronator teres and brachioradialis insertions was 41.

The acromial morphology of Thais in relation to gender and age: study in scapular dried bone.

Objective: The objective of the present study was to determine the acromial shape and examine if there is a correlation between the acromial morphology and genders, ages and sides.

Material And Method: The present examined 154 dried Thai scapulas (107 males and 47 females) with age range from 16 to 87years (mean = 49 + 17 years). The acromial morphology of each scapula was studied by the computerized image analysis of digitized photography through the supraspinatous outlet view, with the distance (M) measured from its anterior to posterior end, the height (H) of the resultant curve and the distance (N) from the anterior end to the point perpendicular to the height.

Anatomical study of the maxillary artery at the pterygomaxillary fissure in a Thai population: its relationship to maxillary osteotomy.

Background: The maxillary artery (MA) and its terminal branches are commonly damaged in the maxillary osteotomy, especially during separation of the pterygomaxillary junction (PMJ).

Objective: To evaluate the positional relationship between the MA at the pterygomaxillary fissure (PMF) and the PMJ in Thais, as well as to measure the diameter of the MA as it enters the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) and the heights of PMJ, maxillary tuberosity and posterior maxilla.

Subjects And Method: Both sides of 100 Thai adult cadavers (50 males and 50 females) were examined The mean age of the subjects was 64.