Vaginal swab cytology as a diagnostic tool for neoplasia of the lower urinary tract in 5 dogs.

Urothelial carcinoma (UC), or transitional cell carcinoma, is the most common canine urothelial malignancy in dogs. Females are predisposed and provide a challenge for diagnostic tumor sampling. The objectives of this study were to investigate the use and tolerability of vaginal swab cytology for UC diagnosis.

Exposure of polyethylene particles induces interferon-γ expression in a natural killer T lymphocyte and dendritic cell coculture system in vitro: a preliminary study.

Two major issues in total joint arthroplasty are loosening of implants and osteolysis caused by wear particle-induced inflammation. Wear particles stimulate the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and other inflammatory mediators from macrophages and other cells. Although the biological response of macrophages to wear debris is well established, the role of other cell types such as natural killer T lymphocytes (NKT) and dendritic cells (DCs) is limited.