The History of Water in Martian Magmas From Thorium Maps.

Water inventories in Martian magmas are poorly constrained. Meteorite-based estimates range widely, from 10 to >10 ppm HO, and are likely variably influenced by degassing. Orbital measurements of H primarily reflect water cycled and stored in the regolith.

Amagmatic hydrothermal systems on Mars from radiogenic heat.

Long-lived hydrothermal systems are prime targets for astrobiological exploration on Mars. Unlike magmatic or impact settings, radiogenic hydrothermal systems can survive for >100 million years because of the Ga half-lives of key radioactive elements (e.g.

Groundwater production from geothermal heating on early Mars and implication for early martian habitability.

In explaining extensive evidence for past liquid water, the debate on whether Mars was primarily warm and wet or cold and arid 4 billion years (Ga) ago has continued for decades. The Sun's luminosity was ~30% lower 4 Ga ago; thus, most martian climate models struggle to elevate the mean surface temperature past the melting point of water. Basal melting of ice sheets may help resolve that paradox.

The Medusae Fossae Formation as the single largest source of dust on Mars.

Transport of fine-grained dust is one of the most widespread sedimentary processes occurring on Mars today. In the present climate, eolian abrasion and deflation of rocks are likely the most pervasive and active dust-forming mechanism. Martian dust is globally enriched in S and Cl and has a distinct mean S:Cl ratio.

Preserved Filamentous Microbial Biosignatures in the Brick Flat Gossan, Iron Mountain, California.

A variety of actively precipitating mineral environments preserve morphological evidence of microbial biosignatures. One such environment with preserved microbial biosignatures is the oxidized portion of a massive sulfide deposit, or gossan, such as that at Iron Mountain, California. This gossan may serve as a mineralogical analogue to some ancient martian environments due to the presence of oxidized iron and sulfate species, and minerals that only form in acidic aqueous conditions, in both environments.