Socioeconomic burden of orthodontic treatment: a systematic review.

Objective: The relationship between Socio-Economic Status (SES) and the factors that may play a role in orthodontic treatment demand and uptake have not been explored. Such information is needed for better planning of orthodontic services and to ensure that health care is provided equally among all social classes. The objective of this systematic review was to find out whether socioeconomic status affects the treatment needs of orthodontic patients.

Optimum pure intrusion of a mandibular canine with the segmented arch in lingual orthodontics.

Background: Approximately 50% patients with a deep bite possess anatomically extruded mandibular canines.

Objective: The objective of this study was to specify an optimum toe (Θ) of the vertical segment of a cantilever from the distal aspect to achieve pure intrusion of a mandibular canine with the segmented arch in lingual orthodontics (LiO).

Methods: The geometrical model of a mandibular canine was developed to compute the required values of Θ (positive values - toe-in, negative values - toe-out).

Optimum force system for intrusion and extrusion of maxillary central incisor in labial and lingual orthodontics.

Background: The objective of the present study was to specify an optimum force system for intrusion and extrusion of maxillary central incisor and to compare the effects of bracket positioning at different heights from the incisal edge in Labial Orthodontics (LaO) and Lingual Orthodontics (LiO).

Methods: A mathematical model of maxillary central incisor with normal inclination was developed. Four cases of heights of bracket slot from incisal edge were considered both in LaO and LiO viz.