Live attenuated seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccine in school-age children: a randomized controlled trial.

Background: The novel influenza A(H1N1pdm09) virus emerged in North America in early 2009 and rapidly spread worldwide. In this study we report the efficacy of the live attenuated monovalent H1N1pdm09 vaccine and 2009-10 seasonal influenza vaccine in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.

Methods: We enrolled 703 children aged 7-11.

Asymptomatic wild-type poliovirus infection in India among children with previous oral poliovirus vaccination.

Background: Mucosal immunity induced by oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) is imperfect and potentially allows immunized individuals to participate in asymptomatic wild-type poliovirus transmission in settings with efficient fecal-oral transmission of infection.

Methods: We examined the extent of asymptomatic wild-type poliovirus transmission in India by measuring the prevalence of virus in stool samples obtained from 14,005 healthy children who were in contact with 2761 individuals with suspected poliomyelitis reported during the period 2003-2008.

Results: Wild-type poliovirus serotypes 1 and 3 were isolated from the stool samples of 103 (0.

Mucosal immunity after vaccination with monovalent and trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine in India.

Background: Persistent wild-poliovirus transmission, particularly in India, has raised questions about the degree of mucosal immunity induced by oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) in tropical countries.

Methods: Excretion of vaccine poliovirus after challenge with OPV was measured in stool samples collected from children identified by the acute flaccid paralysis surveillance program in India during 2005-2007. The effectiveness of trivalent and monovalent OPV against excretion of each poliovirus type was estimated.

Protective efficacy of a monovalent oral type 1 poliovirus vaccine: a case-control study.

Background: A high-potency monovalent oral type 1 poliovirus vaccine (mOPV1) was developed in 2005 to tackle persistent poliovirus transmission in the last remaining infected countries. Our aim was to assess the efficacy of this vaccine in India.

Methods: We estimated the efficacy of mOPV1 used in supplementary immunisation activities from 2076 matched case-control pairs of confirmed cases of poliomyelitis caused by type 1 wild poliovirus and cases of non-polio acute flaccid paralysis in India.

Detecting polio through surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP).

Accurate surveillance for polio is essential for eradication. Surveillance systems for polio has been developed under the guidance of the global polio eradication initiative. Surveillance of cases of acute flaccid paralysis among children less than 15 years of age is a key component for a well functioning polio surveillance system.

Compatible poliomyelitis cases in India during 2000.

Objective: To describe the characteristics of compatible poliomyelitis cases and to assess the programmatic implications of clusters of such cases in India.

Methods: We described the characteristics of compatible poliomyelitis cases, identified clusters of compatible cases (two or more in the same district or neighbouring districts within two months), and examined their relationship to wild poliovirus cases.

Findings: There were 362 compatible cases in 2000.

Predictors of virologically confirmed poliomyelitis in India, 1998-2000.

As we progress toward eradication of polio, a growing proportion of cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) reported are due to causes other than polio. AFP surveillance data from India for 1998-2000 were analyzed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of signs and symptoms present at initial case investigation and of residual weakness (which is used to classify AFP cases) for virologically confirmed poliomyelitis. Sensitivity was highest for age of <5 years (93%-97%) and residual weakness (74%-96%).