Muscle Architecture of Leg Muscles: Functional and Clinical Significance.

Background: Architectural properties of the muscles are the prime predictors of functional attributes and force-generating capacity of the muscles. This data is vital for musculoskeletal modelling and selecting the appropriate muscle-tendon units for tendon transfers.Cadaveric data for architectural properties is the gold standard and primary input for musculoskeletal modelling.

Support system of Lisfranc joint complex: An anatomical investigation with an evolutionary perspective.

Background: The anatomical arrangement of the Lisfranc joint between the midfoot and forefoot is complex and not just critical for bipedal gait but also for prevention, management, and rehabilitation of injuries in this region.

Material And Methods: In forty adult cadaveric lower limbs, the Lisfranc mortise, the ligaments and supports were observed and noted.

Results: The structural arrangement that accords stability to the joint has osseous, ligamentous, and tendinous components.

Changing medical education scenario: a wakeup call for reforms in Anatomy Act.

Background: Anatomy Act provides legal ambit to medical educationists for the acquisition of cadavers. The changing medical education scenario, socio-demographic change, and ethical concerns have necessitated an urgent review of its legal and ethical framework. Suitable amendments addressing the current disparities and deficiencies are long overdue.

Mid-foot retinaculum: an unrecognized entity.

Retinacula are thickenings of deep fascia in the region of joints that hold down the tendons preventing them from bowing out of position. In the region of ankle, number of such retinacula have been described. Retinacula like superior and inferior extensor retinacula have been described which hold down the tendons of leg muscles passing to the foot beneath them.

Anatomical study of petrous and cavernous parts of internal carotid artery.

The petrous and cavernous parts of internal carotid artery (ICA) are obscure and are not readily accessible to observation/imaging. These parts have broad biological and medical interest because of their peculiar shape. Given the their clinical importance and the scarce data available based mostly on imaging, the present study was aimed at studying these parts of ICA by dissection.

Estimation of Stature From Hand and Foot Measurements in a Rare Tribe of Kerala State in India.

Introduction: The present study has been undertaken on the Vettuvar group of tribes in Kasargod district of Kerala state, and explores the usability of dimensions of hands and feet as predictors of stature in the tribal population of Kasargod District of Kerala, India. The present study is the first ever documented anthropological work on the tribes of Kasargod district, Kerala, India.

Materials And Methods: Two hundred subjects comprising of 100 males and 100 females in 20-30 years age group were included in the study group.

Deciphering caudal embryonic defects: embryological analysis and reviewing literature data.

Background: A number of syndromes÷associations involving the caudal region have been described in the literature. Each of them is characterized by a set of morphological features. Reports on difficulties in delineation and an ever-increasing constellation of defects in recent past call for a comprehensive study into the morphologic presentations and pathogenesis of caudal embryonic defects.

The peroneus quartus muscle: clinical correlation with evolutionary importance.

The peroneus quartus (PQ) is an accessory muscle of the peroneal/lateral compartment of the leg. The muscle has often been implicated as a cause of pain in the lateral ankle region, and subluxation or attrition of the peroneal tendons. The present study was aimed at observing the prevalence and morphology of this muscle in human cadavers.

Morphology of flexor digitorum accessorius muscle.

Purpose: Muscle flexor digitorum accessorius is the muscle of the second layer of the sole. It arises by two heads and gets inserted into the tendon of flexor digitorum longus muscle. A variant of this muscle has often been incriminated in causation of tarsal tunnel syndrome.

Anatomy of the superior peroneal tunnel.

Background: Standard texts of anatomy provide cursory and varied descriptions of the superior peroneal retinaculum and the contents of the tunnel formed by it. The available clinical literature suggests that the boundaries and contents of the superior peroneal tunnel have a direct bearing on the causation of peroneal tendinopathies. Knowledge of the anatomy of this region is essential for successful diagnosis and treatment.

Origins of the coronary arteries and their significance.

Objective: To describe the normal and variant anatomy of the coronary artery ostia in Indian subjects.

Introduction: Anomalous coronary origins may cause potentially dangerous symptoms, and even sudden death during strenuous activity. A cadaveric study in an unsuspected population provides a basis for understanding the normal variants, which may facilitate determination of the prevalence of anomalies and evaluation of the value of screening for such anomalies.

Morphology and compartmentation of the jugular foramen in adult Indian skulls.

Purpose: Knowledge of the complex anatomy of the jugular foramen is vital for a favorable surgical outcome in technically challenging operations of this region. Various reports about the compartmentation of this foramen and the contents passing through them have come up with conflicting observations.

Method: As many as 116 dry, adult skulls were utilized to study the morphology and the compartmentation of the jugular foramen.

Internal architecture of calcaneus: correlations with mechanics and pathoanatomy of calcaneal fractures.

Background: Available studies on internal architecture of the calcaneus are cursory and contradictory. Present study focused on elaborate descriptions of the different trabecular groups and their correlation with the fractures of this bone.

Method: To study the internal architecture, 50 dry adult human calcanei were sectioned in various planes and grossly dissected.

Internal architecture of the talus.

Background: Ideally, bone has the external shape and internal architecture best adapted to its function. The internal architecture of the talus should reflect its functional adaptations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the orientation of lamellae to account for its role in transmission of various forces.