Binding specificity of HuScFv to cholangiocarcinoma cells; New avenues for diagnosis and treatment.

Background: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a very aggressive cancer of the bile ducts. Recent advances in immunotherapy, particularly with human single-chain variable fragments (HuScFv), have shown promise in the treatment of solid tumors by targeting cancer cells or improving the immune response.

Objective: This study aimed to select and produce human single-chain antibody fragments (HuScFv) specific to CCA cells (HubCCA1, RMCCA) from phage display HuScFv libraries with minimum or no binding to cholangiocytes (MMNK1).