Melanopsin Cell Dysfunction is Involved in Sleep Disruption in Parkinson's Disease.

Background: Melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) signal the environmental light to mediate circadian photoentrainment and sleep-wake cycles. There is high prevalence of circadian and sleep disruption in people with Parkinson's disease, however the underlying mechanisms of these symptoms are not clear.

Objective: Based on recent evidence of anatomical and functional loss of melanopsin ganglion cells in Parkinson's disease, we evaluate the link between melanopsin function, circadian, and sleep behavior.

Evaluation of Choroidal Layer Thickness in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy.

Purpose: To evaluate medium and large choroidal vessel layer thickness (MCVT and LCVT, respectively) in eyes with acute and chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) in comparison with age-matched controls.

Methods: The study included 96 eyes of 96 patients with CSC, including 53 eyes with acute CSC, 43 eyes with chronic CSC, and 30 eyes of 30 age-matched normal subjects. Manual measurements of subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), MCVT, and LCVT at subfoveal and 750 μm nasal and temporal to the fovea locations were made on enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) of the macula in all subjects using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA).

Outer Retinal Structure and Function Deficits Contribute to Circadian Disruption in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.

Purpose: Light transmitted by retinal photoreceptors provides the input for circadian photoentrainment. In diabetes, there is a high prevalence of circadian and sleep disruption but the underlying causes are not well understood. Patients with diabetes can exhibit dysfunctional photoreceptors but their role in circadian health is not known.

Comparison of choroidal vessel thickness in children and adult eyes by enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography imaging.

Aim: To evaluate choroidal thickness, medium choroidal vessel thickness (MCVT) and large choroidal vessel thickness (LCVT) in normal children and adult subjects.

Methods: Manual measurements of subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), MCVT and LCVT at subfoveal and 750 µm nasal and temporal to fovea locations were completed on enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) scans of normal children and adult subjects.

Results: Fifty adult and fifty-seven child subjects were included in the study (including 80 adult and 103 child eyes).

Segmentation errors in macular ganglion cell analysis as determined by optical coherence tomography in eyes with macular pathology.

Background: To evaluate artifacts in macular ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness measurement in eyes with retinal pathology using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT).

Methods: Retrospective analysis of color-coded maps, infrared images and 128 horizontal B-scans (acquired in the macular ganglion cell inner plexiform layer scans), using the Cirrus HD-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA). The study population included 105 eyes with various macular conditions compared to 30 eyes of 30 age-matched healthy volunteers.

OUTER RETINAL TUBULATION IN RETINAL DYSTROPHIES.

Background/purpose: To evaluate the occurrence and characteristics of outer retinal tubulation (ORT) in an Indian population with retinal dystrophies.

Methods: In this retrospective study, 309 eyes of 157 patients with retinal dystrophies including retinitis pigmentosa (RP, 183 eyes), Stargardt disease (STGD, 93 eyes) and Best disease (33 eyes) were reviewed. The demographic details, clinical data including visual acuity, treatment history and good quality spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) scans were collected.

Focal Choroidal Excavation in Retinal Dystrophies.

Aim: To investigate the presence of focal choroidal excavation (FCE) in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP), Stargardt's disease (STGD), and Best disease in the Indian population.

Methods: This retrospective consecutive case series included 309 eyes of 157 patients with RP (183 eyes), STGD (93 eyes), and Best disease (33 eyes) with good-quality, enhanced-depth spectral domain optical coherence tomography scans. Comprehensive ophthalmic examination data were collected.

Prevalence and Distribution of Segmentation Errors in Macular Ganglion Cell Analysis of Healthy Eyes Using Cirrus HD-OCT.

Purpose: To determine the frequency of different types of spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) scan artifacts and errors in ganglion cell algorithm (GCA) in healthy eyes.

Methods: Infrared image, color-coded map and each of the 128 horizontal b-scans acquired in the macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer scans using the Cirrus HD-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) macular cube 512 × 128 protocol in 30 healthy normal eyes were evaluated. The frequency and pattern of each artifact was determined.