Calcium phosphate nanoclusters modify periodontium remodeling and minimize orthodontic relapse.

Orthodontic relapse is one of the most prevalent concerns of orthodontic therapy. Relapse results in patients' teeth reverting towards their pretreatment positions, which increases the susceptibility to functional problems, dental disease, and substantially increases the financial burden for retreatment. This phenomenon is thought to be induced by rapid remodeling of the periodontal ligament (PDL) in the early stages and poor bone quality in the later stages.

Calcium phosphate nanoclusters modify periodontium remodeling and minimize orthodontic relapse.

Orthodontic relapse is one of the most prevalent concerns of orthodontic therapy. Relapse results in patients' teeth reverting towards their pretreatment positions, which increases the susceptibility to functional problems, dental disease, and substantially increases the financial burden for retreatment. This phenomenon is thought to be induced by rapid remodeling of the periodontal ligament (PDL) in the early stages and poor bone quality in the later stages.

Connecting the dots towards precision orthodontics.

Precision orthodontics entails the use of personalized clinical, biological, social and environmental knowledge of each patient for deep individualized clinical phenotyping and diagnosis combined with the delivery of care using advanced customized devices, technologies and biologics. From its historical origins as a mechanotherapy and materials driven profession, the most recent advances in orthodontics in the past three decades have been propelled by technological innovations including volumetric and surface 3D imaging and printing, advances in software that facilitate the derivation of diagnostic details, enhanced personalization of treatment plans and fabrication of custom appliances. Still, the use of these diagnostic and therapeutic technologies is largely phenotype driven, focusing mainly on facial/skeletal morphology and tooth positions.

Calcium Phosphate Delivery Systems for Regeneration and Biomineralization of Mineralized Tissues of the Craniofacial Complex.

Calcium phosphate (CaP)-based materials have been extensively used for mineralized tissues in the craniofacial complex. Owing to their excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and inherent osteoconductive nature, their use as delivery systems for drugs and bioactive factors has several advantages. Of the three mineralized tissues in the craniofacial complex (bone, dentin, and enamel), only bone and dentin have some regenerative properties that can diminish due to disease and severe injuries.

Unilateral Loss of Maxillary Molars in Young Mice Leads to Bilateral Condylar Adaptation and Degenerative Disease.

The adaptive response of the mandible and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) to altered occlusion in juvenile patients is presently unclear. To address this question, we established a mouse model in which all molars were extracted from the maxillary right quadrant in prepubertal, 3-week-old mice and analyzed morphological, tissue, cellular, and molecular changes in the mandible and condyle 3 weeks later. Unilateral loss of maxillary molars led to significant, robust, bilateral changes, primarily in condylar morphology, including anteroposterior narrowing of the condylar head and neck and increased convexity at the condylar surface, as determined by geometric morphometric analysis.

Standardization of mineral density maps of physiologic and pathologic biominerals in humans using cone-beam CT and micro-CT scanners.

Objectives: The lack of standardized X-ray imaging remains a challenge for comparative studies on spatial scans acquired from different clinic-specific X-ray scanners. The central objectives of this study are: 1) to delineate mineral density (MD) values, and 2) generate spatial MD maps of various physiologic and pathologic biominerals, and 3) propose a standardization protocol within the safe-operating zone of a CT scanner that underpins normalization of absorbed dose to shape and density of tissues.

Methods: A systematic approach to propose a standardization protocol for CT imaging in vivo included: 1) estimation of pathologic MD ranges by performing a comparative meta-analysis on 2009-2019 data from the PubMed database; 2) calibration of cone-beam CT (CBCT) and micro-CT scanners with phantoms of known mineral densities (0, 250, 500, 750 and 3000 mg/cc) and shapes (cylinders and polyhedrons); 3) scanning craniofacial bones (N = 5) and dental tissues (N = 5), and ectopic minerals from humans (N = 3 each, pulp, salivary gland, kidney and prostrate stones, and penile and vascular plaques); 4) underscoring the effect of shape-factor (surface area-to-volume ratio) on MD of biominerals.

Morphologic and histologic characterization of sheep and porcine TMJ as large animal models for tissue engineering applications.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare and characterize the structural and ultrastructural organization of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) between two large animal models for use in the development of tissue engineering strategies.

Materials And Methods: Whole TMJs from sheep and pigs were evaluated with micro-computed tomography (μCT) for morphology and quantitative analyses of bone parameters. Histological examination was performed on the TMJ disc and its attachments to investigate regional distribution of collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs).

Using Twitter to promote #orthodontic research and clinical innovations: Practice and challenges.

While Twitter has substantial benefits in real-time sharing and dissemination of information and facilitating discussions, currently there is a noticeable absence of its use in the orthodontic profession and peer-reviewed journals. This review aims to introduce the basics of using social media; provide a perspective and prospective vision on effective practices on the use of Twitter in sharing orthodontic discoveries and clinical innovations; and discuss the limitations and caveats of using such approaches in sharing and assimilating information. There has been increasing debate on the potential role of social media, specifically Twitter, in shaping the way scholars and clinicians access, discuss, and disseminate research and clinical innovations.

The Significance of Utilizing A Corticotomy on Periodontal and Orthodontic Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Purpose: This systematic review compares the clinical and radiographic outcomes for patients who received only a corticotomy or periodontal accelerated osteogenic orthodontics (PAOO) with those who received a conventional orthodontic treatment.

Methods: An electronic search of four databases and a hand search of peer-reviewed journals for relevant articles published in English between January 1980 and June 2021 were performed. Human clinical trials of ≥10 patients treated with a corticotomy or PAOO with radiographic and/or clinical outcomes were included.

IGF-1 TMJ injections enhance mandibular growth and bone quality in juvenile rats.

Objectives: Dentofacial orthopaedic treatment of mandibular hypoplasia has unpredictable skeletal outcomes. Although several biomodulators including insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) are known to contribute to chondrocyte proliferation, their efficacy in modulating mandibular growth has not been validated. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of locally delivered IGF-1 on mandibular growth and condylar bone quality/quantity in juvenile rats.

Temporomandibular Joint Bioengineering Conference: Working Together Toward Improving Clinical Outcomes.

The sixth temporomandibular joint (TMJ) Bioengineering Conference (TMJBC) was held on June 14-15 2018, in Redondo Beach, California, 12 years after the first TMJBC. Speakers gave 30 presentations and came from the United States, Europe, Asia, and Australia. The goal of the conference has remained to foster a continuing forum for bioengineers, scientists, and surgeons and veterinarians to advance technology related to TMJ disorders.

Effect of orthodontic forces on levels of enzymes in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF): A systematic review.

Objective: Orthodontic force application releases multiple enzymes in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) for activation, resorption, reversal, deposition of osseous elements and extracellular matrix degradation. The current systematic review critically evaluated all existing evidence on enzymes in orthodontic tooth movement.

Methods: Literature was searched with predetermined search strategy on electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase), along with hand search.

Microsphere controlled drug delivery for local control of tooth movement.

Background: Because orthodontic tooth movement is dependent upon osteoclast-mediated resorption of alveolar bone adjacent to the pressure side of tooth roots, biologic mediators that regulate osteoclasts can be utilized to control tooth movement.

Objectives: To develop a novel method to locally enhance orthodontic anchorage.

Methods: We encapsulated osteoprotegerin (OPG) in polymer microspheres and tested the effectiveness of microsphere encapsulated versus non-encapsulated OPG for enhancing orthodontic anchorage in a rodent model of tooth movement.

Three-Dimensional Force Measurements During Rapid Palatal Expansion in Sus scrofa.

Rapid palatal expansion is an orthodontic procedure widely used to correct the maxillary arch. However, its outcome is significantly influenced by factors that show a high degree of variability amongst patients. The traditional treatment methodology is based on an intuitive and heuristic treatment approach because the forces applied in the three dimensions are indeterminate.

Nisin ZP, a Bacteriocin and Food Preservative, Inhibits Head and Neck Cancer Tumorigenesis and Prolongs Survival.

The use of small antimicrobial peptides or bacteriocins, like nisin, to treat cancer is a new approach that holds great promise. Nisin exemplifies this new approach because it has been used safely in humans for many years as a food preservative, and recent laboratory studies support its anti-tumor potential in head and neck cancer. Previously, we showed that nisin (2.

Effect of orthodontic forces on cytokine and receptor levels in gingival crevicular fluid: a systematic review.

This systematic review aimed to generate evidence on role of potent markers of inflammation [cytokines, chemokines, their associated receptors and antagonists] following the application of orthodontic forces. Subsequent to registration with PROSPERO, literature search followed a predetermined search strategy to key databases along with hand search (HS). Seventy-seven articles from PubMed (P), 637 from Scopus (S), 51 from Embase (E), and 3 from hand search (HS) were identified.

Quantification of external root resorption by low- vs high-resolution cone-beam computed tomography and periapical radiography: A volumetric and linear analysis.

Introduction: The goal of this study was to determine whether cone beam-computed tomography (CBCT) images with resolutions similar to those produced in orthodontic offices have sufficient resolution to accurately quantify root resorption defects.

Methods: Teeth containing simulated root defects were scanned by microcomputed tomography (microCT) and CBCT at 0.2- and 0.

Relaxin induces matrix-metalloproteinases-9 and -13 via RXFP1: induction of MMP-9 involves the PI3K, ERK, Akt and PKC-ζ pathways.

We determined the precise role of relaxin family peptide (RXFP) receptors-1 and -2 in the regulation of MMP-9 and -13 by relaxin, and delineated the signaling cascade that contributes to relaxin's modulation of MMP-9 in fibrocartilaginous cells. Relaxin treatment of cells in which RXFP1 was silenced resulted in diminished induction of MMP-9 and -13 by relaxin, whereas overexpression of RXFP1 potentiated the relaxin-induced expression of these proteinases. Suppression or overexpression of RXFP2 resulted in no changes in the relaxin-induced MMP-9 and -13.

Efficacy of identifying maxillofacial lesions in cone-beam computed tomographs by orthodontists and orthodontic residents with third-party software.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of orthodontists and orthodontic residents to identify nonorthodontic incidental findings and false positives in cone-beam computed tomography scans.

Methods: Two groups of 10 cone-beam computed tomography scans containing equal numbers of scans with no, 1, or several abnormal nonorthodontic lesions were selected from a database. Eight orthodontists and 8 orthodontic residents screened the 2 groups of scans before and after a basic cone-beam computed tomography training course.

Local delivery of recombinant osteoprotegerin enhances postorthodontic tooth stability.

Relapse after orthodontic tooth movement is a significant problem in orthodontics. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of the osteoclast inhibitor osteoprotegerin-Fc (OPG-Fc) for inhibiting postorthodontic relapse. Rat maxillary molars were moved mesially and allowed to relapse for 24 days.

Divergent upstream osteogenic events contribute to the differential modulation of MG63 cell osteoblast differentiation by MMP-1 (collagenase-1) and MMP-13 (collagenase-3).

Previously we showed that MMP-1 (collagenase-1) and MMP-13 (collagenase-3) differentially regulate the expression of osteoblastic markers in a heterogenous population of primary human periodontal ligament cells. The mechanisms for these differential responses are not known, but may result from divergence in regulation of early osteogenic transcription factors. The purpose of this study was to elucidate where in the hierarchy of osteoblast-specific transcription factors and markers the differences in MMP-1- and -13-mediated regulation of osteoblastic differentiation arise.

Calcium hydroxide promotes cementogenesis and induces cementoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal periodontal ligament cells in a CEMP1- and ERK-dependent manner.

Periodontal tissue engineering is a complex process requiring the regeneration of bone, cementum, and periodontal ligament (PDL). Since cementum regeneration is poorly understood, we used a dog model of dental pulpal necrosis and in vitro cellular wounding and mineralization assays to determine the mechanism of action of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)(2), in cementogenesis. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) followed by qRT-PCR were used to assay responses of periapical tissues to Ca(OH)(2) treatment.

Disease-associated extracellular matrix suppresses osteoblastic differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells via MMP-1.

Fibronectin (FN) fragments found in chronic inflammatory diseases, including periodontal disease and arthritis, may contribute to tissue destruction in part via induction of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). We previously showed that the 120-kDa FN fragment containing the central cell binding domain (120FN) dose dependently induces MMP-1 (collagenase-1) in human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells, whereas intact FN did not elicit this response. Recently, we found that an increase in MMP-1 expression is accompanied by a decreased osteoblastic phenotype in PDL cells.