Toward Ideal Low-Frequency Noise in Monolayer CVD MoS FETs: Influence of van der Waals Junctions and Sulfur Vacancy Management.

The pursuit of sub-1-nm field-effect transistor (FET) channels within 3D semiconducting crystals faces challenges due to diminished gate electrostatics and increased charge carrier scattering. 2D semiconductors, exemplified by transition metal dichalcogenides, provide a promising alternative. However, the non-idealities, such as excess low-frequency noise (LFN) in 2D FETs, present substantial hurdles to their realization and commercialization.

Massively parallel evaluation and computational prediction of the activities and specificities of 17 small Cas9s.

Recently, various small Cas9 orthologs and variants have been reported for use in in vivo delivery applications. Although small Cas9s are particularly suited for this purpose, selecting the most optimal small Cas9 for use at a specific target sequence continues to be challenging. Here, to this end, we have systematically compared the activities of 17 small Cas9s for thousands of target sequences.

Investigation of Deep Spiking Neural Networks Utilizing Gated Schottky Diode as Synaptic Devices.

Deep learning produces a remarkable performance in various applications such as image classification and speech recognition. However, state-of-the-art deep neural networks require a large number of weights and enormous computation power, which results in a bottleneck of efficiency for edge-device applications. To resolve these problems, deep spiking neural networks (DSNNs) have been proposed, given the specialized synapse and neuron hardware.

Neuromorphic Computing Using NAND Flash Memory Architecture With Pulse Width Modulation Scheme.

A novel operation scheme is proposed for high-density and highly robust neuromorphic computing based on NAND flash memory architecture. Analog input is represented with time-encoded input pulse by pulse width modulation (PWM) circuit, and 4-bit synaptic weight is represented with adjustable conductance of NAND cells. Pulse width modulation scheme for analog input value and proposed operation scheme is suitably applicable to the conventional NAND flash architecture to implement a neuromorphic system without additional change of memory architecture.

On-Chip Training Spiking Neural Networks Using Approximated Backpropagation With Analog Synaptic Devices.

Hardware-based spiking neural networks (SNNs) inspired by a biological nervous system are regarded as an innovative computing system with very low power consumption and massively parallel operation. To train SNNs with supervision, we propose an efficient on-chip training scheme approximating backpropagation algorithm suitable for hardware implementation. We show that the accuracy of the proposed scheme for SNNs is close to that of conventional artificial neural networks (ANNs) by using the stochastic characteristics of neurons.

Sequence-specific prediction of the efficiencies of adenine and cytosine base editors.

Base editors, including adenine base editors (ABEs) and cytosine base editors (CBEs), are widely used to induce point mutations. However, determining whether a specific nucleotide in its genomic context can be edited requires time-consuming experiments. Furthermore, when the editable window contains multiple target nucleotides, various genotypic products can be generated.

Pruning for Hardware-Based Deep Spiking Neural Networks Using Gated Schottky Diode as Synaptic Devices.

Deep learning represents state-of-the-art results in various machine learning tasks, but for applications that require real-time inference, the high computational cost of deep neural networks becomes a bottleneck for the efficiency. To overcome the high computational cost of deep neural networks, spiking neural networks (SNN) have been proposed. Herein, we propose a hardware implementation of the SNN with gated Schottky diodes as synaptic devices.

Prediction of the sequence-specific cleavage activity of Cas9 variants.

Several Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) variants have been developed to improve an enzyme's specificity or to alter or broaden its protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) compatibility, but selecting the optimal variant for a given target sequence and application remains difficult. To build computational models to predict the sequence-specific activity of 13 SpCas9 variants, we first assessed their cleavage efficiency at 26,891 target sequences. We found that, of the 256 possible four-nucleotide NNNN sequences, 156 can be used as a PAM by at least one of the SpCas9 variants.

Effect of Word-Line Bias on Linearity of Multi-Level Conductance Steps for Multi-Layer Neural Networks Based on NAND Flash Cells.

NAND flash memory which is mature technology has great advantage in high density and great storage capacity per chip because cells are connected in series between a bit-line and a source-line. Therefore, NAND flash cell can be used as a synaptic device which is very useful for a high-density synaptic array. In this paper, the effect of the word-line bias on the linearity of multi-level conductance steps of the NAND flash cell is investigated.

High-throughput analysis of the activities of xCas9, SpCas9-NG and SpCas9 at matched and mismatched target sequences in human cells.

The applications of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based genome editing can be limited by a lack of compatible protospacer adjacent motifs (PAMs), insufficient on-target activity and off-target effects. Here, we report an extensive comparison of the PAM-sequence compatibilities and the on-target and off-target activities of Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9) and the SpCas9 variants xCas9 and SpCas9-NG (which are known to have broader PAM compatibility than SpCas9) at 26,478 lentivirally integrated target sequences and 78 endogenous target sites in human cells. We found that xCas9 has the lowest tolerance for mismatched target sequences and that SpCas9-NG has the broadest PAM compatibility.

SpCas9 activity prediction by DeepSpCas9, a deep learning-based model with high generalization performance.

We evaluated SpCas9 activities at 12,832 target sequences using a high-throughput approach based on a human cell library containing single-guide RNA-encoding and target sequence pairs. Deep learning-based training on this large dataset of SpCas9-induced indel frequencies led to the development of a SpCas9 activity-predicting model named DeepSpCas9. When tested against independently generated datasets (our own and those published by other groups), DeepSpCas9 showed high generalization performance.

Gated Schottky Diode-Type Synaptic Device with a Field-Plate Structure to Reduce the Forward Current.

A gated Schottky diode with a field-plate structure is proposed and investigated as a new low-power synaptic device to suppress the forward current of the Schottky diode. In a hardware-based neural network, unwanted forward current can flow through gated Schottky diode-type synaptic devices during integration operations, possibly causing a malfunction of the neural network and increasing the power consumption. By adopting a field-plate structure, a virtual junction to suppress the forward current of the Schottky diode is formed in the poly-Si active layer.

Emerging memory technologies for neuromorphic computing.

In this paper, we reviewed the recent trends on neuromorphic computing using emerging memory technologies. Two representative learning algorithms used to implement a hardware-based neural network are described as a bio-inspired learning algorithm and software-based learning algorithm, in particular back-propagation. The requirements of the synaptic device to apply each algorithm were analyzed.

Radial nerve palsy after arthroscopic anterior capsular release for degenerative elbow contracture.

Because the use of arthroscopy has increased recently for the treatment of elbow lesions, reports of complications have become more common. Nerve injury after arthroscopic anterior capsular release is an extremely rare complication, with 4 reported cases worldwide. We usually use a sharp-tipped electrocautery device with a 0.

Bone age delay patterns in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: an analysis using the Tanner and Whitehouse 3 method.

To study the bone age delay patterns in different stages of Perthes disease, 140 hand and corresponding hip radiographs in 83 patients were assessed. In the hand radiographs, the radius, ulna, metacarpals and phalanges (RUS) and carpal bone ages were calculated using the Tanner and Whitehouse 3 method and the Greulich and Pyle (G and P) bone age was assessed using the G and P atlas. From corresponding hip radiographs, the modified Elizabethtown stage was assessed.

Genetic diversity of Acanthamoeba isolated from ocean sediments.

Genetic diversity of 18 Acanthamoeba isolates from ocean sediments was evaluated by comparing mitochondrial (mt) DNA RFLP, 18S rDNA sequences and by examining their cytopathic effects on human corneal epithelial cells versus reference strains. All isolates belonged to morphologic group II. Total of 16 restriction phenotypes of mtDNA from 18 isolates demonstrated the genetic diversity of Acanthamoeba in ocean sediments.

Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of xanthones from Cudrania tricuspidata.

The new catecholic xanthone, 1,3,7-trihydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl)-5,6-(2,2-dimethylchromeno)-xanthone (1), was isolated from the root bark of Cudrania tricuspidata together with seven known xanthones. The structures were fully characterized by analysis of physical and spectral (UV, IR, mass, and NMR) data. Relationships between the structural characteristics of xanthones and their antioxidant activities (DPPH, superoxide, and hydroxyl radical) were studied.

Tibial lengthening and concomitant foot deformity correction in 14 patients with permanent deformity after poliomyelitis.

Background: In neuromuscular diseases, limb lengthening and foot deformity correction are associated with a high risk of complications associated with distraction callus and joint contracture. We have found no published articles of tibial lengthening and concomitant foot deformity correction using the Ilizarov method or traditional methods. To compare result of gradual distraction with triple arthrodesis for foot deformity combined with tibial lengthening, we investigated healing index and complications of two methods.

Ex vivo expansion of human umbilical cord blood-derived T-lymphocytes with homologous cord blood plasma.

This study was designed to establish a more effective and safe culture system for adoptive immunotherapy by investigating the use of homologous cord blood plasma (HCBP) instead of fetal bovine serum (FBS), which has various limitations including ethical problems for the ex vivo expansion of human umbilical T lymphocytes. Fresh human umbilical mononuclear cell fractions were isolated by Ficoll-Hypaque density centrifugation. Nonadherent mononuclear cell fractions were cultured with anti-CD3 antibody (5 microg/ml), IL-2 (175 U/ml), and either 10% FBS or 10% HCBP.

Complications of distraction osteogenesis in short first metatarsals.

The authors analyzed the results and complications of metatarsal lengthening in short first metatarsals by distraction osteogenesis. There were 13 first metatarsal lengthenings in eight patients. Mean age was 18.